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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absorption Spectra arising from the Photolysis of Lead Tetramethyl (1956)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 177 (1956), S. 1178-1179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The absorption system shown (Fig. 1) was observed within 200 fxsec. of the initial light flash. It consisted of a number of sharp lines due to atomic lead, together with a number of absorption regions not previously described (Table 1). The most prominent feature occurs with a maximum intensity at ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1771178a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excitation of Molecular Spectra by Shock Waves (1957)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 180 (1957), S. 1342-1344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The shock tube, 5 ft. long and 2J in. in diameter, is of copper, as this has a simple spectrum which does not interfere with that of the gas being studied. The emission was studied through quartz side-windows. For examination of the primary shock wave, a dump chamber was used for preventing its ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1801342a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature Measurements of Shock Waves by the Spectrum-Line Reversal Method (1958)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 181 (1958), S. 1325-1326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The shock tube was of circular section, 2J in. bore and about 10 ft. long, with a dump chamber at the end. The light from the 'Pointolite' was focused through a window into the tube, passed out through an opposite window, and was focused by a second lens with a suitable stop on to the slit of a ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1811325a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absorption Spectra arising from the Photolysis of Lead Tetramethyl (1957)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 179 (1957), S. 1240-1241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Appearance of feature Pb(CH,), y (cm."1) I Remarks Qhead 31,186 31,225 31,255 31,279 31,313 31,339 2 6 10 8 4 4 Resolved heads on a diffuse background Qhead 32,292 4 Resolved on a diffuse background Pb(CDs), Qhead 31,280 10 Head at centre of a broad diffuse region extending from 3210 A. to ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1791240b0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gamma radiation-initiated polymerization of styrene at high pressure. II. Chain termination (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 19 (1981), S. 1671-1678 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The pressure dependence of the termination rate constant kt for the free radical polymerization of monomers such as styrene is a function of polymer chain length, chain stiffness, and monomer viscosity, all of which influence the rate of segmental diffusion of an active radical chain end out of the coiled polymer chain to a position in which it can react with a proximate radical. Although kt is not sensitive to changes in chain length, the large increase in molecular weight is responsible for a significant reduction in kt at high pressures. For most of the common vinyl polymers, which exhibit some degree of chain stiffness, kt is inversely proportional to a fractional power of the monomer viscosity because it depends in part on the resistance of chain segments to movement and in part on the influence of viscosity in controlling diffusion of the chain ends. The fractional exponent appears to increase with pressure and this is interpreted as evidence that the polymer chains become more flexible in a more viscous solvent. Because the fractional exponent is higher for more flexible chains, the value of the activation volume for chain termination is an indication of the degree of flexibility of the polymer chains, provided that the monomer is a good solvent for the polymer and that chain transfer is negligible.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.170190707
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gamma radiation-initiated polymerization of styrene at high pressure. III. Emulsion polymerization with anionic emulsifiers (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 2491-2501 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Values calculated for the activation volume for chain propagation, ΔV
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210830
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    γ-radiation-initiated polymerization of bulk styrene at high pressure (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 15 (1977), S. 1291-1308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polymerization of styrene in bulk at pressures up to 273 MPa and temperatures between 3 and 49°C with the use of γ-radiation as the initiator has been studied. The polymerization rate and the molecular weight of the polymer increased with increasing pressure; the molecular weight increased at a slightly faster rate. The difference in the rate is a theoretical expectation which has not previously been observed because chain-transfer reactions obscure the effect in chemically initiated systems. A small but significant retardation of the initiation reaction occurs as the pressure is increased. The results of previous workers are critically reviewed. Chain transfer at 25°C for pressures below 220 MPa is negligible when γ-radiation is the initiator. The activation energy for bulk polymerization decreased with increasing pressure from 28.1 kJ/mole at 0.1013 MPa to 22.3 kJ/mole at 203 MPa. Volumes of activation at 25°C for 0.1013 〈 p 〈 273 MPa were calculated to be Initiation, +4.0 〈 ΔV1
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1977.170150601
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gamma radiation-initiated polymerization of styrene at high pressure. I. Kinetic parameters with intermittent irradiation (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 19 (1981), S. 1659-1670 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By adapting the rotating sector technique to provide an intermittent source of cobalt-60 radiation the activation volumes for all reaction steps of the bulk polymerization of styrene have been shown to be independent of pressure up to 208 MPa. The activation volumes determined for polymerization, initiation, propagation and termination were, respectively, ΔV≠pol = -20.5 ± 0.22, ΔV≠i = +2.0 ± 0.18, ΔV≠p = -18.6 ± 0.44, and ΔV≠t = +5.8 ± 0.55 cm3 mol-. The values for the effect of pressure on the degree of polymerization ΔDP and the radical lifetime Δτ were, respectively, -22.6 ± 0.16 and -3.9 ± 0.29. The average radical lifetime increased from 4.5 s at atmospheric pressure to 6.3 s at 208 MPa. Because ΔV≠t is less than ΔV≠t and both are positive, the molecular weight increased with pressure at a faster rate than the polymerization rate. Although fewer radical chains were initiated per second under pressure the macroradical concentration increased with pressure because of the longer average lifetime of the radicals.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.170190706
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gamma radiation-initiated polymerization of styrene at high pressure. IV. Emulsion polymerization with nonionic emulsifier (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 2503-2511 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects of pressure, irradiation dose rate, and emulsifier concentration on the rate of polymerization of styrene emulsions stabilized with a nonionic surfactant, Teric GX13, were investigated. Results differed from those previously obtained with anionic surfactants and did not follow Smith-Ewart kinetics. The controlling influence of the surfactant at the particle-water interface on the reaction was demonstrated and results could be interpreted in terms of the Medvedev equation. Using this equation, we determined a value for the activation volume for chain propagation, ΔV#p, as -18.7 cm3 mol-1. This value is the same as that for pure styrene and emulsions that follow Smith-Ewart kinetics.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210831
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  • 10
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    A bolometer detector for the measurement of shock velocity in low density gases (1957)
    Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 1957-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0950-7671
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics
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