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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exploitation and diffusion of public research: the case of academic spin-off companies in Italy (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Scientific and technological knowledge is considered the most important raw material for economic growth. The attention on the exploitation of public research, undoubtedly one of the main sources of new scientific and technological knowledge, has increased in recent years. After reviewing some concepts regarding the exploitation of public research results, the paper focuses on the analysis of academic spin-off companies as one of the most promising ways to transfer research results to the market place. The phenomenon of academic spin-off companies is described using both international evidence and a recent survey regarding 48 Italian spin-off companies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00187
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The externalisation of R&D activities and the growing market of product development services (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Several authors in recent years have discussed the observed trend towards the externalisation of (part of) a firm's R&D activities. As a consequence, several companies have been created that provide innovators with technical and scientific services such as R&D contracts, laboratory testing services, technology consulting, industrial design, engineering.The paper is based upon an empirical study which consists of (i) an extensive analysis, in which information has been collected (for about two hundred companies) on size, location and type of services offered; (ii) an intensive analysis, in which one case is studied in depth of a company providing product development services. Some conclusions have been drawn regarding the characteristics of the market of product development services and the management and organisation of companies operating in that market.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00323.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Management styles in industrial R&D organisations (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    European journal of innovation management 3 (2000), S. 59-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-1060
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper aims to understand whether there are different styles of organisation and management of industrial R&D activities. Recent cases of re-organisation of R&D activities within firms suggest that: R&D activities tend to be carried out in different units of the same organisation and often in different locations, and there seem to be inter-industry differences among R&D processes. This paper attempts to explore whether and how a certain managerial/organisational style relates to the type of the R&D process (which varies from industry to industry) and to the different nature of the R&D activities. It also identifies the key characteristics of the R&D organisation and the strategic management of technology, associated with each style. The analysis is based upon an empirical study of 19 multinationals operating in various industrial sectors. A classification of the types of R&D process is adopted and the key characteristics of R&D management and organisation in each R&D type are described and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14601060010322275
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The valuation of technology in buy-cooperate-sell decisions (2005)
    Bingley : Emerald
    European journal of innovation management 8 (2005), S. 157-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-1060
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - In recent years companies are often involved in decisions concerning not only the external acquisition of technology, but also the opportunity to sell or to cooperate. Whatever the form of transaction, the valuation of technology and, in general, of the intangible assets represents a common and relevant problem. The paper aims at providing an analytical framework for valuing a technological asset. Design/methodology/approach - The study is based on a deep analysis of the academic literature, as well as corporate practice, and multiple case studies. They have been elaborated through the involvement of intellectual property managers of Italian firms and Intellectual Property consultants. An in-depth case study has been conducted in order to obtain more insights to enrich the framework, and discuss some of the theoretical and practical problems affecting the appraiser during a technology valuation. Findings - The results show that the valuation process is not simple, but quite multifaceted and that it is not systematic either in the literature or corporate practice. Originality/value - The proposed framework developed in the paper points out the most critical elements that could lead to a misleading and/or unusable and/or biased valuation; forces the appraiser to perform a systematic and rational analysis, coherent with the context of the valuation, solve some critical trade-offs and deal with contrasting elements; and increases the bargaining power of the appraiser during the negotiation with a potential counterpart, allowing a clear and complete understanding of the asset value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14601060510594710
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The valuation of technology in buy-cooperate-sell decisions (2005)
    Bingley : Emerald
    European journal of innovation management 8 (2005), S. 5-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-1060
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This paper is aimed at studying the technology in buy-cooperate-sell decisions process in order to identify and analyse the logical steps that should characterise a complete and reliable appraisal process. Design/methodology/approach - The paper develops a framework to support the whole process, based on literature analysis and an empirical study. A case study is presented in order to discuss some of the theoretical and practical problems affecting the appraiser during a technology valuation. Findings - It is found that the use of the proposed framework: forces the appraiser to perform a systematic and rational analysis, coherent with the internal and external context of the valuation; points out the most critical elements that could lead to a misleading and/or unusable and/or biased valuation; forces the appraiser to solve some critical trade-offs and to deal with contrasting elements; imposes coherence throughout the process and consistency among the various hypotheses and assumptions needed to finally identify a (range of) final value(s); gives the appraiser a communication tool, as different people are involved during the process; allows people (even if not directly involved in the process) to understand how the value of the asset has been determined and the validity, reliability and precision of the results obtained; and increases the bargaining power of the appraiser during the negotiation with a potential counterpart, allowing a clear and complete understanding of the value of the asset. Originality/value - This paper analyses the entire process and gives emphasis to the critical aspects of each phase, suggesting some solutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14601060510578556
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary patterns in international research and development (1996)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Integrated manufacturing systems 7 (1996), S. 5-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0957-6061
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Economics
    Notes: Technology and product development processes are increasingly subject to internationalization, and the importance of research and development (R&D) activities carried out offshore is increasing. Therefore, firms tend to take a global view of their operations and rethink their R&D processes in a global perspective. This means that existing foreign R&D units may be subject to evolution and change of role. Based on an empirical research on 12 multinationals operating in technology-intensive industries, studies how the role of foreign R&D units changes within multinationals and attempts to identify whether there is an evolutionary pattern of international R&D. Concludes that the evolutionary processes of foreign R&D are related to both the need to increase the effectiveness of the R&D process at global level (assigning global mandate to the units where there are the key resources), and to improve the global efficiency of the R&D process (avoiding duplications and rationalizing the geographical presence).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09576069610111855
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Searching for an effective measure of R&D performance (1996)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 34 (1996), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Notes that measurement of R&D performance has always posed great problems due to the nature of R&D activity and the difficulties in identifying a tangible output. Also that performance measurement systems have often been built on input variables or on qualitative evaluation of the output. Attempts to identify quantitative measures of R&D performance and to single out those related to activities under complete and partial control of R&D managers. Takes as a starting-point the concept of economic value creation as a firm's normative objective and the analysis of the contribution of R&D to it. Builds on this a performance measurement system that leads to identify proxy measures of both R&D effectiveness and efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749610124909
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selecting sourcing strategies for technological innovation: an empirical case study (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of operations & production management 20 (2000), S. 1017-1037 
    Details
    ISSN: 0144-3577
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper faces the problem of the decision maker who has to identify the most appropriate organisational mode for the external acquisition of a certain technology. Its objective is twofold: to explain the rationale behind the choice of a definite mode of collaboration, i.e. to understand which aspects of the specific technological collaboration are considered by companies when selecting the organisational form; and to describe the process through which the choice is actually made, i.e. to understand which is the logical path which leads to selection of a definite organisational form. A framework is proposed and then applied to a case study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443570010339127
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organizing for technological collaborations: a managerial perspective (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 28 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Researchers and practitioners have recently paid great attention to technological partnering. In this paper, the problem of choosing which organizational form the technological collaboration should take is carefully examined. The aim is to support the decision-maker who, once it has been decided that a certain technology is to be acquired externally, has to identify the most appropriate mode for such an acquisition. This is not an easy task and is critical to the success of the collaboration. A framework is suggested to assist the decision-maker, based upon the preliminary results of a qualitative empirical study. It is then applied to two case studies. The framework is articulated into three logical steps. First, the characteristics of different organizational forms of collaboration are analysed in terms of integration and formalization. Second, the company's requirements from a specific collaboration are defined in similar terms within the context of objective, content, partner typology. Third, the characteristics of the organizational form are matched with the company's specific requirements so as to identify the most appropriate organizational form for the collaboration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00096
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Standard–setting processes: evidence from two case studies (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    R & D management 32 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In many hi–tech sectors one of the most important dimensions of competition is standardisation. This is particularly true in modular markets (i.e. markets characterised by the existence of modular architectures) and in network markets (i.e. markets where users would like to buy products compatible with those bought by others). Different processes may lead to the standard–setting. Sometimes there are fierce standardisation wars whereas in other cases competitors are able to agree on a common standard before the introduction of the technology on the market. In this paper we endeavour to provide an interpretative framework of the standardisation process and validate such a framework through an in–depth analysis of two case studies in a typical network market (the multimedia sector): the case of the Modem 56k and the case of the Information Appliances–Enhanced TV.The two case studies offer some evidence of the standardisation process and of the growing importance of super–partes organisations (Standard Development Organisations) in the mediation process between different interests and technologies to impose a common standard on the market.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00274
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