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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 35-53 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein quasigeostrophisches lineares baroklines diabatisches Modell, das auch die Oberflächenreibung und die Orographie miteinschließt, wird zur Bestimmung der verschiedenen geophysikalischen Prozesse, die für die Westwärtsverlagerung von Monsun-Depressionen in der unteren Troposphäre maßgebend sind, angewendet. Für diesen Zweck wird in Annäherung an den mittleren beobachteten Zustand einer Monsun-Depression das Geopotential durch analytische Funktionen für die Ausgangszeit vorgeschrieben. w wird als analytische Lösung der Omega-Gleichung für verschiedene physikalische Prozesse erhalten und mit den beobachteten Verteilungen verglichen. Die Bedeutung der Orographie für die Veranlassung der Westwärtswanderung der Welle wird untersucht; sie wurde als am bedeutungsvollsten in der Grundschicht befunden. Die Laplace'sche thermische Advektion und die differentiale Vorticity-Advektion sind zwei andere wichtige physikalische Prozesse, die für die Bewegung nach Westen in der Grundschicht maßgebend sind. Aus den Ergebnissen wird die Notwendigkeit eines vertikalen Transportes von zyklonischer Vorticity vor einer Monsun-Depression von der Grundschicht zur oberen Schicht abgeleitet. Die für die Verlagerung der Welle nach Norden maßgebenden physikalischen Prozesse werden ebenfalls bestimmt.
    Notes: Summary A quasi-geostrophic, linear, barochnic, diabatic model, which also includes the surface friction and the orography is utilized for identifying the various physical processes responsible for the westward motion of monsoon depression in the lower troposphere. For this purpose, the geopotential, resembling the mean observed state of a monsoon depression, is prescribed by analytical functions at an initial time. w is obtained as the analytic solution of the omega equation for the various physical processes and it is compared with the observed distributions. The role of orography in inducing the westward motion to the wave is investigated and found to be most important in the boundary layer. The Laplacian of thermal advection and the differential vorticity advection are the other two important physical processes responsible for the movement of wave in the westward direction in the boundary layer. The necessity for the vertical transport of cyclonic vorticity ahead of monsoon depression from the boundary layer to the upper layer is inferred from the results. The physical processes responsible for the northward motion of the wave are also identified.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 149 (1997), S. 761-774 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Triad interactions, cross-spectral technique, wave-CISK process.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —In order to understand the physical mechanism for maintenance of low frequency waves, computations of nonlinear kinetic energy (KE) exchanges into individual triad interactions in frequency domain by use of cross-spectral technique over global tropics (20°S–30°N) at 850 hPa and 200 hPa for June, July and August of 1988 are carried out. The KE exchanges among different frequencies and the interactions between the transient eddies and the time mean flow are found to be an order of magnitude smaller in the lower troposphere than those in the upper troposphere. The results show two distinct spectral peaks of periods 45 and 25 days in nonlinear energy transfer in the lower troposphere. The former is more pronounced than the latter. The role of time mean flow on the low frequency transients is found to be secondary compared to the effect of the leading term due to nonlinear interactions in the lower troposphere. Low frequency waves suffer a net loss of energy in the upper troposphere. In the lower troposphere, north of 20°N low frequency waves lose energy through nonlinear triad interactions, unlike the upper troposphere where gain of energy is noticed. Longitude-frequency distributions suggest that wave-CISK process and strong gradient of SST are the possible mechanisms for the strong energy interactions associated with low frequency waves in the lower troposphere over the west Pacific and east coast of Africa, respectively. The study may aid investigation of the rapid loss of predictability of low frequency modes over the tropics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 157 (2000), S. 1781-1795 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key Words:ϰ-ψ triad interactions, cross-spectral technique, ageostrophic effects.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —This work deals with computational modelling designed to understand the dynamical mechanism of low frequency monsoonal transients that results from nonlinear divergent–rotational (ϰ-ψ) kinetic energy (KE) conversions due to the effects of Coriolis force, vorticity and divergence during the summer monsoon 1988 over the latitudinal belt 20°S–30°N at 850 hPa and 200 hPa. The results show two distinct spectral peaks spanning 30–45 days and 18–25 days in the energy conversions from the transient divergent motions to rotational motions. Due to the latitudinal variation of the earth’s rotational effects, the conversion from the transient divergent to rotational motions, associated mainly with wavenumbers 1 and 2, tend to be more pronounced to the north of 15°N on the 30–45-day and 18–25-day time scales in the upper and lower tropospheres, respectively. The contribution of the stationary waves to maintenance of the low frequency rotational flow due to the effect of divergence through barotropic instability is significant at the upper troposphere. Divergent to rotational KE conversion by wave–wave interaction due to divergence is identified as an important mechanism for maintenance of low frequency oscillations in the lower troposphere. The upper tropospheric planetary scale divergent motions associated with 30–45-day oscillation gain substantial energy through nonlinear ϰ-ψ interaction due to vorticity.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 31 (1982), S. 329-337 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die durchschnittliche dreidimensionale Struktur von Monsun-Depressionen wird mathematisch als quasigeostrophische horizontale zweidimensionale Wellenstörung ohne Neigung in der Vertikalen und Horizontalen mit durchschnittlichen Wellenlängen von 2000 und 1500 km in zonalen und meridionalen Richtungen dargestellt. Die Wellenamplitude hat ihr Maximum im 700 mb-Niveau und ihre vertikale Änderung ist durch eine polynome Funktion vonp repräsentiert. Die Temperaturwelle und die Verteilungen des zonalen und meridionalen Windes in der zonalen Fläche werden mit den beobachteten, mit Monsun-Depressionen verbundenen Verteilungen verglichen und in guter Übereinstimmung mit diesen gefunden. Vertikale Profile der konvektiven Erwärmung werden durch polynome Funktionen vonp dargestellt.
    Notes: Summary The average three-dimensional structure of monsoon depressions is represented mathematically as a quasi-geostrophic horizontal two-dimensional wave perturbation, having no tilt in vertical and in horizontal, with average wavelengths of 2000 km and 1500 km in the zonal and meridional directions, respectively. The wave amplitude is maximum at 700 mb and its vertical variation is represented by a polynomial function ofp. The wave temperature, the zonal and meridional wind distributions in the zonal plane are compared with the observed distributions associated with monsoon depressions, and a good agreement between them is noticed. Vertical profiles of the convective heating are represented by polynomial functions ofp.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary Lower tropospheric (1000–500) hPa kinetic energy (KE), temporal variations of KE and nonlinear KE transfer of rotational and divergent flows and energy conversion between them, partitioning further into stationary and transient components in the Fourier spectral domain and the mechanism for the evolution of significant transient waves for the month July 1979 in the latitudinal belt 10° S–30° N are studied. Divergent zonal and eddy KE show their maxima at the lowest level 1000 hPa. Lower tropospheric monsoon motion provides a non-divergent level close to 850 hPa. The daily flow patterns bear little resemblence to the climatology over tropics at 500 hPa. Although the transient mode of synoptic scale waves is stronger than that of planetary scale waves they are comparable. Analysis of energetics over global tropics can get signature of transient activities embedded in the large scale system. Summer momentum flux in the lower troposphere is essentially associated with stationary planetary and transient synoptic scale waves. Waves 1, 3 and 6 are the most preferred transient waves. Divergent to rotational KE conversion is the most dominating mechanism for the maintenance of planetary and synoptic scale waves. All categories of waves contribute towards the maintenance of zonal flows. The primary source of energy for transient synoptic scale waves is the transient divergent rotational KE transfer whereas the interaction between zonal stationary and transient wave is likely to be secondary source. Transient KE and all transient interactions, stationary KE and all stationary interactions are found to be strongest at 500 hPa and 850 hPa respectively. Growth and decay of transient waves 1 and 3 are mainly controlled by divergent-rotational KE conversions whereas those of transient wave 6 are controlled by KE transfer due to zonal-wave interaction.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 453-462 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Baroclinic instability ; Monsoon ; Zonal current
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Analytic expressions are derived for the minimum easterly and westerly jet strengths necessary for baroclinic instability, in terms of their half-widths and location. For this purpose the necessary condition for an internal jet is utilized and the jets and static stability are represented by simple mathematical functions. Dependency of the minimum jet strengths to their half-width and location are discussed.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1996-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0256-1530
    Electronic ISSN: 1861-9533
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1989-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0256-1530
    Electronic ISSN: 1861-9533
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2005-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0177-7971
    Electronic ISSN: 1436-5065
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1997-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0177-7971
    Electronic ISSN: 1436-5065
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Springer
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