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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prismatic Ice—Sandstone Boulder in Granite (1870)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 1 (1870), S. 556-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] WALKING over the Rough Tors of Dartmoor a few days since in company with a friend, Mr. Walter Morrison, M.P., we observed two phenomena which it appears to us should be recorded, since if they have been met with before, we believe that the occurrence of either is infrequent. In a small ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/001556a0
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    Deployment of an unmanned aerial system to assist in mapping an intermittent stream (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-27
    Description: Recent growth in the capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and systems (UASs) as airborne platforms for collecting environmental data has been very rapid. There are now ample examples in the literature of UASs being deployed to map fine scale vegetation, glacial, soil and atmospheric conditions. The purported advantages of UASs are their ability to collect spatial data at lower cost, lower risk, higher resolution, and higher frequency than ground surveys or satellite platforms. In this specific study, whether or not obtaining high resolution UAS imagery was advantageous for identifying an intermittent stream network was determined by comparing it to coarse scale satellite imagery collected for the same purpose. It was also determined if the UAS imagery could be an improvement to global positioning system acquired ground truth points for classifying an intermittent stream network across the same large scale satellite image. The UAS and satellite acquired imagery was derived from a visible spectrum camera capable of 2 cm resolution, and multispectral SPOT-5 with 10 m resolution, respectively. The SPOT-5 imagery with its relatively coarse resolution could not always detect the narrow intermittent stream, which was well resolved in the UAS imagery. When a classified UAS image was applied as a training area for the SPOT-5 image, the identification of the stream network and accuracy of the satellite imagery classification did not necessarily improve. UASs have the potential to revolutionize hydrological research the same way that geographic information systems (GIS) did three decades ago. A final goal of the paper is to provide insight into the advantages and disadvantages of deploying a UAS for this kind of research. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0885-6087
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1085
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 3
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    IJERPH, Vol. 9, Pages 294-314: Sport Fields as Potential Catalysts for Physical Activity in the Neighbourhood (2012)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-03
    Description: Physical activity is associated with access to recreational facilities such as sports fields. Because it is not clear whether objectively- or subjectively-assessed access to facilities exerts a stronger influence on physical activity, we investigated the association between the objective and perceived accessibility of sport fields and the levels of self-reported physical activity among adults in Edmonton, Canada. A sample of 2879 respondents was surveyed regarding their socio-demographics, health status, self-efficacy, levels of physical activity, as well as their perceptions of built environment in relation to physical activity. Neighbourhood-level data were obtained for each respondent based on their residence. Accessibility to facilities was assessed using the enhanced Two-Step Floating Catchment Area method. Geographic Information Systems were employed. A logistic regression was performed to predict physical activity using individual- and neighbourhood-level variables. Women, older individuals, and individuals with higher educational attainment were less likely to be physically active. Also, individuals with higher self-efficacy and higher objectively-assessed access to facilities were more likely to be physically active. Interventions that integrate provision of relevant programs for various population groups and of improved recreational facilities may contribute to sport fields becoming catalysts for physical activity by generating movement both on the site and in the neighbourhood.
    Print ISSN: 1661-7827
    Electronic ISSN: 1660-4601
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 4
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    Connectivity and runoff dynamics in heterogeneous basins (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-20
    Description: A drainage basin's runoff response can be determined by the connectivity of generated runoff to the stream network and the connectivity of the downstream drainage network. The connectivity of a drainage basin modulates its ability to produce streamflow and respond to precipitation events and is a function of the complex and variable storage capacities throughout the drainage basin and along the drainage network. An improved means to measure and account for the dynamics of stream network connectivity at the catchment scale is needed to predict basin scale streamflow. At a 150 km 2 subarctic Precambrian Shield catchment where the poorly-drained heterogeneous mosaic of lakes, exposed bedrock, and soil filled areas creates variable contributing areas, hydrological connectivity was measured in 11 sub-basins with a particular focus on three representative sub-basins. The three sub-basins, although of similar relative size, vary considerably in the dominant typology and topology of their constituent elements. At a 10 m spatial resolution, saturated areas were mapped using both multispectral satellite imagery and on site measurements of storage according to land cover. To measure basin scale hydrological connectivity, the drainage network was represented using graph theory where stream reaches are ‘edges’ connecting sub-basin ‘nodes.’. The overall hydrological connectivity of the stream network was described as the ratio of actively flowing relative to potentially flowing stream reaches. The hydrological connectivity of the stream network to the outlet was described as the ratio of actively flowing stream reaches that were connected to the outlet to the potentially flowing stream reaches. Hydrological connectivity was then related to daily average streamflow and basin runoff ratio. Improved understanding of causal factors for the variable streamflow response to runoff generation in this environment will serve as a first step towards improved streamflow prediction in formerly glaciated landscapes, especially in small ungauged basins. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 0885-6087
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1085
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 5
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    IJERPH, Vol. 9, Pages 294-314: Sport Fields as Potential Catalysts for Physical Activity in the Neighbourhood (2012)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-20
    Description: Physical activity is associated with access to recreational facilities such as sports fields. Because it is not clear whether objectively- or subjectively-assessed access to facilities exerts a stronger influence on physical activity, we investigated the association between the objective and perceived accessibility of sport fields and the levels of self-reported physical activity among adults in Edmonton, Canada. A sample of 2879 respondents was surveyed regarding their socio-demographics, health status, self-efficacy, levels of physical activity, as well as their perceptions of built environment in relation to physical activity. Neighbourhood-level data were obtained for each respondent based on their residence. Accessibility to facilities was assessed using the enhanced Two-Step Floating Catchment Area method. Geographic Information Systems were employed. A logistic regression was performed to predict physical activity using individual- and neighbourhood-level variables. Women, older individuals, and individuals with higher educational attainment were less likely to be physically active. Also, individuals with higher self-efficacy and higher objectively-assessed access to facilities were more likely to be physically active. Interventions that integrate provision of relevant programs for various population groups and of improved recreational facilities may contribute to sport fields becoming catalysts for physical activity by generating movement both on the site and in the neighbourhood.
    Print ISSN: 1661-7827
    Electronic ISSN: 1660-4601
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 6
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    Evidence of a change in water chemistry in Canada's subarctic associated with enhanced winter streamflow (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Enhanced winter streamflow is characteristic of a nival / pluvial regime that has emerged in parts of the subarctic Canadian Shield because of increasingly common late summer rains. This phenomenon is part of a widespread trend towards higher winter streamflow in watersheds across the circumpolar north. There may be implications for biogeochemical systems as streamflow regimes undergo these types of changes associated with climate warming. . Streamflow and geochemical fluxes were observed over two years with different winter flow conditions in a subarctic Canadian Shield catchment. Results show that higher wintertime loads of carbon and solutes associated with enhanced winter streamflow were in association with an expansion of contributing areas to runoff over what would have existed during typical winter recession. Furthermore, the wet fall conditions that lead to enhanced winter streamflow require water tables close to the topographic surface in highly conductive organic soil layers, which is a similar to the condition during the spring melt. Fall rainfall-runoff leaves an ample volume of water in the lakes that are ubiquitous in this landscape. This water maintains winter streamflow during a time when it traditionally would have ceased. A slowing of biological activity under lake ice increases net mineralization and nitrification rates. This convergence of nitrogen cycling and winter streamflow produced a disproportionate flux of inorganic nitrogen from the study catchment. A conceptual model of how enhanced winter streamflow changes water chemistry in a lake dominated Shield landscape is proposed and may be used as a benchmark to guide hypotheses of process interactions, change in other landscapes or across scales.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    The process of winter streamflow generation in a subarctic precambrian shield catchment (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-28
    Description: There have been widespread increases in winter streamflow across the circumpolar north since the mid to late 1900s. However, the physical processes that result in winter runoff generation are not well understood. The objective of this research was to determine the runoff generation processes and pathways of cold season streamflow, and to compare and contrast them with those of spring freshet in a study catchment in the subarctic Canadian Shield in which winter streamflow regime changes have been documented. Traditional hydrometric methods were used in conjunction with models and hydrochemistry to estimate of runoff sources and pathways. Results suggest that while runoff generation processes do not necessarily differ between spring and winter runoff events, the timing at which pre-event and event water contributes does differ. Furthermore, the periods in which certain runoff pathways activate and deactivate are different. Runoff during the spring freshet is dominated by pre-event water that has not been exposed to the subsurface. In contrast, and most notably, isotopic chemistry reveals that 72% of high cold season streamflow is from new precipitation. In Precambrian Shield regions, or in other landscapes where there may be a large fraction of lakes, late autumn rainfall can increase lake levels, and in turn, storage, to ample volumes that can provide high amounts of winter runoff. Where autumn rainfall has been increasing, precipitation and surface water should be considered as a source of enhanced winter streamflow in these types of landscapes. These results have implications for how widespread environmental changes in the circumpolar north, especially those of aquatic chemistry and permafrost decay, should be interpreted and predicted. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0885-6087
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1085
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
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    Materials science. Oxygen in crystals--seeing is believing (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spence, John C H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 7;299(5608):839-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Astronomy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. spence@asu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12574612" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    That's my hand! Activity in premotor cortex reflects feeling of ownership of a limb (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-07-03
    Description: When we look at our hands, we immediately know that they are part of our own body. This feeling of ownership of our limbs is a fundamental aspect of self-consciousness. We have studied the neuronal counterparts of this experience. A perceptual illusion was used to manipulate feelings of ownership of a rubber hand presented in front of healthy subjects while brain activity was measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. The neural activity in the premotor cortex reflected the feeling of ownership of the hand. This suggests that multisensory integration in the premotor cortex provides a mechanism for bodily self-attribution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ehrsson, H Henrik -- Spence, Charles -- Passingham, Richard E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):875-7. Epub 2004 Jul 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. h.ehrsson@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15232072" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Body Image ; Brain/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebellum/physiology ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Motor Cortex/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Proprioception ; Time Factors ; Touch ; Vision, Ocular
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Testing the ability of a semidistributed hydrological model to simulate contributing area (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-04
    Description: A dry climate, the prevalence of small depressions, and the lack of a well-developed drainage network are characteristics of environments with extremely variable contributing areas to runoff. These types of regions arguably present the greatest challenge to properly understanding catchment streamflow generation processes. Previous studies have shown that contributing area dynamics are important for streamflow response, but the nature of the relationship between the two is not typically understood. Furthermore, it is not often tested how well hydrological models simulate contributing area. In this study, the ability of a semi-distributed hydrological model, the PDMROF configuration of Environment Canada's MESH model, was tested to determine if it could simulate contributing area. The study focused on the St. Denis Creek watershed in central Saskatchewan, Canada, which with its considerable topographic depressions, exhibits wide variation in contributing area, making it ideal for this type of investigation. MESH-PDMROF was able to replicate contributing area derived independently from satellite imagery. Daily model simulations revealed a hysteretic relationship between contributing area and streamflow not apparent from the less frequent remote sensing observations. This exercise revealed that contributing area extent can be simulated by a semi-distributed hydrological model with a scheme that assumes storage capacity distribution can be represented with a probability function. However, further investigation is needed to determine if it can adequately represent the complex relationship between streamflow and contributing area that is such a key signature of catchment behaviour. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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