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  • 1
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    Convective instability of a boundary layer with temperature- and strain-rate-dependent viscosity in terms of 'available buoyancy' (1999)
    In:  Geophys. J. Int., Roma, Elsevier, vol. 139, no. 1, pp. 51-68, pp. 2099, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
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    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Rheology ; Inelastic ; ConvolutionE ; Rock mechanics ; Physical properties of rocks ; GeodesyY ; GJI
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Effects of plate bending and fault strength at subduction zones on plate dynamics (1999)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research, Roma, Elsevier, vol. 104, no. B8, pp. 17551-17571, pp. 2099, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Plate tectonics ; Strength ; Fault zone ; Subduction zone ; Inelastic ; Rheology ; Finite Element Method ; Modelling ; velocity ; Strain ; Elasticity ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Great earthquakes and slab pull: interaction between seismic coupling and plate-slab coupling (2004)
    In:  Earth planet. Sci. Lett., Roma, Elsevier, vol. 218, no. 1-2, pp. 109-122, pp. 2099, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004
    Keywords: Subduction zone ; Seismicity ; Physical properties of rocks ; Stress ; EPSL ; back-arc ; compression ; Plate tectonics ; FLORENZO
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Toward a generalized plate motion reference frame (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-09
    Description: An absolute plate motion (APM) model is required to address issues such as the thermo-chemical evolution of Earth's mantle. All APM models have to rely on indirect inferences, including those based on hotpots and seismic anisotropy, each with their own set of uncertainties. Here, we explore a seafloor spreading-aligned reference frame. We show that this reference frame fits azimuthal seismic anisotropy in the uppermost mantle very well. The corresponding Euler pole is close to those of hotspot reference frames, ridge motion minimizing models, geodynamic estimates of net rotation, and predicts clear trench motion patterns. We conclude that a net rotation pole guided by the spreading-aligned model (at 64°E, 61°S, with moderate rotation of 0.2…0.3°/Myr) could indeed represent a standard, comprehensive reference frame for present-day plate motions with respect to the deep mantle.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    On the location of hotspots in the framework of mantle convection (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-09-15
    Description: Putative mechanisms that have been proposed to explain intraplate “hotspot” volcanism extensively depart from the early plume theory, and many do not involve deep mantle flow. Here, we look for a relationship between hotspot volcanism and mantle flow using flow models excited by density anomalies inferred from seismic tomography. We show that previously identified major hotspots are preferentially located, to a high degree of statistical significance, above regions of positive divergence of horizontal shear tractions beneath the lithosphere. This observation renders it difficult to discard some contribution of mantle flow as a control on hotspot volcanism and instead suggests that mantle plumes are drawn toward, and conveyed by, mantle upwellings (either active or passive), which are revealed by the positive stress divergence. This allows us to exclude a variety of external or shallow mechanisms for the major hotspots. Because we also find that many secondary hotspots do fall at random locations with respect to mantle flow, we emphasize that alternative processes are also required to trigger the less productive volcanism.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Multiagent simulation of evolutive plate tectonics applied to the thermal evolution of the Earth (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-04
    Description: The feedback between plate tectonics and mantle convection controls the Earth's thermal evolution via the seafloor age distribution. We therefore designed the MACMA model to simulate time-dependent plate tectonics in a 2D cylindrical geometry with evolutive plate boundaries, based on multiagent systems that express thermal and mechanical interactions. We compute plate velocities using a local force balance and use explicit parameterizations to treat tectonic processes such as trench migration, subduction initiation, continental breakup and plate suturing. These implementations allow the model to update its geometry and thermal state at all times. Our approach has two goals: (1) to test how empirically- and analytically-determined rules for surface processes affect mantle and plate dynamics, and (2) to investigate how plate tectonics impact the thermal regime. Our predictions for driving forces, plate velocities and heat flux are in agreement with independent observations. Two time scales arise for the evolution of the heat flux: a linear long-term decrease and high-amplitude short-term fluctuations due to surface tectonics. We also obtain a plausible thermal history, with mantle temperature decreasing by less than 200 K over the last 3 Gyr. In addition, we show that on the long term, mantle viscosity is less thermally influential than tectonic processes such as continental breakup or subduction initiation, because Earth's cooling rate depends mainly on its ability to replace old insulating seafloor by young thin oceanic lithosphere. We infer that simple convective considerations alone cannot account for the nature of mantle heat loss and that tectonic processes dictate the thermal evolution of the Earth.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Relation between subduction megathrust earthquakes, trench sediment thickness and upper plate strain (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-03
    Description: Giant earthquake (moment magnitude Mw ≥ 8.5) forecasts for subduction zones have been empirically related to both tectonic stresses and geometrical irregularities along the subduction interface. Both of these controls have been suggested as able to tune the ability of rupture to propagate laterally and, in turn, exert an important control on giant earthquake generation. Here we test these hypotheses, and their combined influence, by compiling a dataset of trench fill thickness (a proxy for smoothing of subducting plate relief by sediment input into the subduction channel) and upper plate strain (a proxy for the tectonic stresses applied to the subduction interface) for 44 segments of the global subduction network. We statistically compare relationships between upper plate strain, trench sediment thickness and maximal earthquake magnitude. We find that the combination of both large trench fill (≥1 km) and neutral upper plate strain explains spatial patterns of giant earthquake occurrence to a statistically significant degree. In fact, the concert of these two factors is more highly correlated with giant earthquake occurrence than either factor on its own. Less frequent giant earthquakes of lower magnitude are also possible at subduction zones with thinner trench fill and compressive upper plate strain. Extensional upper plate strain and trench fill 〈 0.5 km appear to be unfavorable conditions, as giant earthquakes have not been observed in these geodynamical environments during the last 111 years.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    How mantle slabs drive plate tectonics (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: The gravitational pull of subducted slabs is thought to drive the motions of Earth's tectonic plates, but the coupling between slabs and plates is not well established. If a slab is mechanically attached to a subducting plate, it can exert a direct pull on the plate. Alternatively, a detached slab may drive a plate by exciting flow in the mantle that exerts a shear traction on the base of the plate. From the geologic history of subduction, we estimated the relative importance of "pull" versus "suction" for the present-day plates. Observed plate motions are best predicted if slabs in the upper mantle are attached to plates and generate slab pull forces that account for about half of the total driving force on plates. Slabs in the lower mantle are supported by viscous mantle forces and drive plates through slab suction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Conrad, Clinton P -- Lithgow-Bertelloni, Carolina -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):207-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. cpconrad@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364804" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Conrad et al. reply (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Conrad, Clinton P -- Steinberger, Bernhard -- Torsvik, Trond H -- England -- Nature. 2013 Nov 28;503(7477):E4. doi: 10.1038/nature12793.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, SOEST, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24284730" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 10
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    Stability of active mantle upwelling revealed by net characteristics of plate tectonics (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-28
    Description: Viscous convection within the mantle is linked to tectonic plate motions and deforms Earth's surface across wide areas. Such close links between surface geology and deep mantle dynamics presumably operated throughout Earth's history, but are difficult to investigate for past times because the history of mantle flow is poorly known. Here we show that the time dependence of global-scale mantle flow can be deduced from the net behaviour of surface plate motions. In particular, we tracked the geographic locations of net convergence and divergence for harmonic degrees 1 and 2 by computing the dipole and quadrupole moments of plate motions from tectonic reconstructions extended back to the early Mesozoic era. For present-day plate motions, we find dipole convergence in eastern Asia and quadrupole divergence in both central Africa and the central Pacific. These orientations are nearly identical to the dipole and quadrupole orientations of underlying mantle flow, which indicates that these 'net characteristics' of plate motions reveal deeper flow patterns. The positions of quadrupole divergence have not moved significantly during the past 250 million years, which suggests long-term stability of mantle upwelling beneath Africa and the Pacific Ocean. These upwelling locations are positioned above two compositionally and seismologically distinct regions of the lowermost mantle, which may organize global mantle flow as they remain stationary over geologic time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Conrad, Clinton P -- Steinberger, Bernhard -- Torsvik, Trond H -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jun 27;498(7455):479-82. doi: 10.1038/nature12203.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, SOEST, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. clintc@hawaii.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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