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  • 1
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    Patterns in stream greenhouse gas dynamics from mountains to plains in northcentral Wyoming (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-01
    Description: Quantification of stream contributions to global carbon cycling is key to understanding how freshwater streams transmit and transform carbon between terrestrial and atmospheric pools. To date, greenhouse gas emissions of carbon dioxide and methane from freshwaters, particularly in mountainous regions, remains poorly characterized due to a lack of direct field observations. Using a unique longitudinal approach, we conducted field surveys across two ecoregions (Middle Rockies and Great Plains) in the Clear Creek watershed, a sub-watershed of Wyoming's Powder River Basin. We took direct measurements of stream gases using headspace sampling at thirty sites (8 June - 23 October). We observed the lowest and most variable concentrations in headwaters, which flow through a federally designated alpine wilderness area. By contrast, the Great Plains exhibited 1.45 and 4 times higher p CO 2 and p CH 4 concentrations and the relative contributions of methane increased downstream. Fluxes during snowmelt were 45% and 58% higher for CO 2 and CH 4 than during baseflow but overall were lower than estimates for other systems. Variability for p CO 2 was highest during late summer and in the uppermost sections of the headwaters. The high heterogeneity and common undersaturation observed through space and time, especially in the mountains, suggests downscaled regional estimates may fail to capture variability in fluxes observed at these smaller scales. Based on these results, we strongly recommend higher resolution time series studies and increased scrutiny of systems at near equilibrium, inclusive of winter storage and ice-off events, to improve our understanding of the effects of seasonal dynamics on these processes.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Self-organization is a dynamic and lineage-intrinsic property of mammary epithelial cells [Cell Biology] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-23
    Description: Loss of organization is a principle feature of cancers; therefore it is important to understand how normal adult multilineage tissues, such as bilayered secretory epithelia, establish and maintain their architectures. The self-organization process that drives heterogeneous mixtures of cells to form organized tissues is well studied in embryology and with mammalian cell lines that were abnormal or engineered. Here we used a micropatterning approach that confined cells to a cylindrical geometry combined with an algorithm to quantify changes of cellular distribution over time to measure the ability of different cell types to self-organize relative to each other. Using normal human mammary epithelial cells enriched into pools of the two principal lineages, luminal and myoepithelial cells, we demonstrated that bilayered organization in mammary epithelium was driven mainly by lineage-specific differential E-cadherin expression, but that P-cadherin contributed specifically to organization of the myoepithelial layer. Disruption of the actomyosin network or of adherens junction proteins resulted in either prevention of bilayer formation or loss of preformed bilayers, consistent with continual sampling of the local microenvironment by cadherins. Together these data show that self-organization is an innate and reversible property of communities of normal adult human mammary epithelial cells.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    Excitonic effects in intraband quantum dot spectroscopy: Formation of bound continuum excitons (2014)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-13
    Description: Author(s): Sandra C. Kuhn and Marten Richter We study intraband spectra, resulting from intraband transitions between the bound ground state of a semiconductor quantum dot and unbound continuum states in the host medium. The influence of excitonic coupling on these intraband absorption spectra and the formation of special excitons are discusse... [Phys. Rev. B 90, 125308] Published Fri Sep 12, 2014
    Keywords: Semiconductors II: surfaces, interfaces, microstructures, and related topics
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 4
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    Plant and Animal Glycolate Oxidases Have a Common Eukaryotic Ancestor and Convergently Duplicated to Evolve Long-Chain 2-Hydroxy Acid Oxidases (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-23
    Description: Glycolate oxidase (GOX) is a crucial enzyme of plant photorespiration. The encoding gene is thought to have originated from endosymbiotic gene transfer between the eukaryotic host and the cyanobacterial endosymbiont at the base of plantae. However, animals also possess GOX activities. Plant and animal GOX belong to the gene family of (L)-2-hydroxyacid-oxidases ((L)-2-HAOX). We find that all (L)-2-HAOX proteins in animals and archaeplastida go back to one ancestral eukaryotic sequence; the sole exceptions are green algae of the chlorophyta lineage. Chlorophyta replaced the ancestral eukaryotic (L)-2-HAOX with a bacterial ortholog, a lactate oxidase that may have been obtained through the primary endosymbiosis at the base of plantae; independent losses of this gene may explain its absence in other algal lineages (glaucophyta, rhodophyta, and charophyta). We also show that in addition to GOX, plants possess (L)-2-HAOX proteins with different specificities for medium- and long-chain hydroxyacids (lHAOX), likely involved in fatty acid and protein catabolism. Vertebrates possess lHAOX proteins acting on similar substrates as plant lHAOX; however, the existence of GOX and lHAOX subfamilies in both plants and animals is not due to shared ancestry but is the result of convergent evolution in the two most complex eukaryotic lineages. On the basis of targeting sequences and predicted substrate specificities, we conclude that the biological role of plantae (L)-2-HAOX in photorespiration evolved by co-opting an existing peroxisomal protein.
    Print ISSN: 0737-4038
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Synthesis, properties, and biological activity of boranophosphate analogs of the mRNA cap: versatile tools for manipulation of therapeutically relevant cap-dependent processes (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: Modified mRNA cap analogs aid in the study of mRNA-related processes and may enable creation of novel therapeutic interventions. We report the synthesis and properties of 11 dinucleotide cap analogs bearing a single boranophosphate modification at either the α-, β- or -position of the 5',5'-triphosphate chain. The compounds can potentially serve either as inhibitors of translation in cancer cells or reagents for increasing expression of therapeutic proteins in vivo from exogenous mRNAs. The BH 3 -analogs were tested as substrates and binding partners for two major cytoplasmic cap-binding proteins, DcpS, a decapping pyrophosphatase, and eIF4E, a translation initiation factor. The susceptibility to DcpS was different between BH 3 -analogs and the corresponding analogs containing S instead of BH 3 (S-analogs). Depending on its placement, the boranophosphate group weakened the interaction with DcpS but stabilized the interaction with eIF4E. The first of the properties makes the BH 3 -analogs more stable and the second, more potent as inhibitors of protein biosynthesis. Protein expression in dendritic cells was 2.2- and 1.7-fold higher for mRNAs capped with m 2 7,2'- O Gpp BH3 pG D1 and m 2 7,2'- O Gpp BH3 pG D2, respectively, than for in vitro transcribed mRNA capped with m 2 7,3'- O GpppG. Higher expression of cancer antigens would make mRNAs containing m 2 7,2'- O Gpp BH3 pG D1 and m 2 7,2'- O Gpp BH3 pG D2 favorable for anticancer immunization.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    Macromolecular trafficking indicated by localization and turnover of sucrose transporters in enucleate sieve elements (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-02-28
    Description: The leaf sucrose transporter SUT1 is essential for phloem loading and long-distance transport of assimilates. Both SUT1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were shown to be diurnally regulated and to have high turnover rates. SUT1 protein was detected by immunolocalization in plasma membranes of enucleate sieve elements (SEs) in tobacco, potato, and tomato. Analysis by in situ hybridization showed that SUT1 mRNA localizes mainly to the SE and is preferentially associated with plasmodesmata. Antisense inhibition of SUT1 expression under control of a companion cell (CC)-specific promoter indicated synthesis of SUT1 mRNA in the CC. These results provide evidence for targeting of plant endogenous mRNA and potentially SUT1 protein through phloem plasmodesmata and for sucrose loading at the plasma membrane of SE.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kuhn, C -- Franceschi, V R -- Schulz, A -- Lemoine, R -- Frommer, W B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 28;275(5304):1298-300.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Botanik, Eberhard-Karls-Universitat, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9036853" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Biological Transport, Active ; Carrier Proteins/analysis/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/chemistry/metabolism ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Hybridization ; Lycopersicon esculentum/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/analysis/genetics/*metabolism ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plant Leaves/chemistry/cytology/*metabolism ; Plant Proteins/analysis/genetics/*metabolism ; Plants, Toxic ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Plant/analysis/genetics/metabolism ; Solanum tuberosum ; Sucrose/metabolism ; Tobacco/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    The cells and peripheral representation of sodium taste in mice (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-29
    Description: Salt taste in mammals can trigger two divergent behavioural responses. In general, concentrated saline solutions elicit robust behavioural aversion, whereas low concentrations of NaCl are typically attractive, particularly after sodium depletion. Notably, the attractive salt pathway is selectively responsive to sodium and inhibited by amiloride, whereas the aversive one functions as a non-selective detector for a wide range of salts. Because amiloride is a potent inhibitor of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), ENaC has been proposed to function as a component of the salt-taste-receptor system. Previously, we showed that four of the five basic taste qualities-sweet, sour, bitter and umami-are mediated by separate taste-receptor cells (TRCs) each tuned to a single taste modality, and wired to elicit stereotypical behavioural responses. Here we show that sodium sensing is also mediated by a dedicated population of TRCs. These taste cells express the epithelial sodium channel ENaC, and mediate behavioural attraction to NaCl. We genetically engineered mice lacking ENaCalpha in TRCs, and produced animals exhibiting a complete loss of salt attraction and sodium taste responses. Together, these studies substantiate independent cellular substrates for all five basic taste qualities, and validate the essential role of ENaC for sodium taste in mice.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2849629/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2849629/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chandrashekar, Jayaram -- Kuhn, Christina -- Oka, Yuki -- Yarmolinsky, David A -- Hummler, Edith -- Ryba, Nicholas J P -- Zuker, Charles S -- R01 DC003160/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC003160-05/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- Z01 DE000561-13/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Mar 11;464(7286):297-301. doi: 10.1038/nature08783. Epub 2010 Jan 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0649, USA〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20107438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior/physiology ; Epithelial Sodium Channels/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Sodium/*physiology ; Taste/*genetics ; Taste Buds/cytology/metabolism/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 8
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    Low absorption loss p-AlGaN superlattice cladding layer for current-injection deep ultraviolet laser diodes (2016)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-16
    Description: Current injection into AlGaN-based laser diode structures with high aluminum mole fractions for deep ultraviolet emission is investigated. The electrical characteristics of laser diode structures with different p-AlGaN short period superlattice (SPSL) cladding layers with various aluminum mole fractions are compared. The heterostructures contain all elements that are needed for a current-injection laser diode including cladding and waveguide layers as well as an AlGaN quantum well active region emitting near 270 nm. We found that with increasing aluminum content in the p-AlGaN cladding, the diode turn-on voltage increases, while the series resistance slightly decreases. By introducing an SPSL instead of bulk layers, the operating voltage is significantly reduced. A gain guided broad area laser diode structure with transparent p-Al 0.70 Ga 0.30 N waveguide layers and a transparent p-cladding with an average aluminum content of 81% was designed for strong confinement of the transverse optical mode and low optical losses. Using an optimized SPSL, this diode could sustain current densities of more than 4.5 kA/cm 2 .
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 9
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    Immunology. How does the immune system tolerate food? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kuhn, Chantal -- Weiner, Howard L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Feb 19;351(6275):810-1. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf2167. Epub 2016 Feb 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. hweiner@rics.bwh.harvard.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26912876" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dietary Proteins/*immunology ; Dyspepsia/*immunology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*immunology ; Intestine, Small/*immunology/*microbiology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Efficient CRISPR-based targeting in primary cells [Immunology and Inflammation] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-02
    Description: Applying clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated mutagenesis to primary mouse immune cells, we used high-fidelity single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) designed with an sgRNA design tool (CrispRGold) to target genes in primary B cells, T cells, and macrophages isolated from a Cas9 transgenic mouse line....
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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