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  • 1
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    Activity-dependent internalization of smoothened mediated by beta-arrestin 2 and GRK2 (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: Binding of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) to Patched (Ptc) relieves the latter's tonic inhibition of Smoothened (Smo), a receptor that spans the cell membrane seven times. This initiates signaling which, by unknown mechanisms, regulates vertebrate developmental processes. We find that two molecules interact with mammalian Smo in an activation-dependent manner: G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) leads to phosphorylation of Smo, and beta-arrestin 2 fused to green fluorescent protein interacts with Smo. These two processes promote endocytosis of Smo in clathrin-coated pits. Ptc inhibits association of beta-arrestin 2 with Smo, and this inhibition is relieved in cells treated with Shh. A Smo agonist stimulated and a Smo antagonist (cyclopamine) inhibited both phosphorylation of Smo by GRK2 and interaction of beta-arrestin 2 with Smo. beta-Arrestin 2 and GRK2 are thus potential mediators of signaling by activated Smo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Wei -- Ren, Xiu-Rong -- Nelson, Christopher D -- Barak, Larry S -- Chen, James K -- Beachy, Philip A -- de Sauvage, Frederic -- Lefkowitz, Robert J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2257-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. w.chen@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618519" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arrestins/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Clathrin/metabolism ; Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Cyclohexylamines/pharmacology ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Dynamins/metabolism ; Endocytosis ; Hedgehog Proteins ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Receptors, Cell Surface ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Thiophenes/pharmacology ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; Transfection ; Veratrum Alkaloids/pharmacology ; beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Beta-arrestin 2 mediates endocytosis of type III TGF-beta receptor and down-regulation of its signaling (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-06
    Description: beta-Arrestins bind to activated seven transmembrane-spanning (7TMS) receptors (G protein-coupled receptors) after the receptors are phosphorylated by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), thereby regulating their signaling and internalization. Here, we demonstrate an unexpected and analogous role of beta-arrestin 2 (betaarr2) for the single transmembrane-spanning type III transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) receptor (TbetaRIII, also referred to as betaglycan). Binding of betaarr2 to TbetaRIII was also triggered by phosphorylation of the receptor on its cytoplasmic domain (likely at threonine 841). However, such phosphorylation was mediated by the type II TGF-beta receptor (TbetaRII), which is itself a kinase, rather than by a GRK. Association with betaarr2 led to internalization of both receptors and down-regulation of TGF-beta signaling. Thus, the regulatory actions of beta-arrestins are broader than previously appreciated, extending to the TGF-beta receptor family as well.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Wei -- Kirkbride, Kellye C -- How, Tam -- Nelson, Christopher D -- Mo, Jinyao -- Frederick, Joshua P -- Wang, Xiao-Fan -- Lefkowitz, Robert J -- Blobe, Gerard C -- CA 75368/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 91816/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HL 16037/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 5;301(5638):1394-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Durham, NC 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12958365" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arrestins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; *Endocytosis ; Humans ; Keratinocytes/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Proteoglycans/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Targeting of diacylglycerol degradation to M1 muscarinic receptors by beta-arrestins (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-02-03
    Description: Seven-transmembrane receptor (7TMR) signaling is transduced by second messengers such as diacylglycerol (DAG) generated in response to the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein Gq and is terminated by receptor desensitization and degradation of the second messengers. We show that beta-arrestins coordinate both processes for the Gq-coupled M1 muscarinic receptor. beta-Arrestins physically interact with diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs), enzymes that degrade DAG. Moreover, beta-arrestins are essential for conversion of DAG to phosphatidic acid after agonist stimulation, and this activity requires recruitment of the beta-arrestin-DGK complex to activated 7TMRs. The dual function of beta-arrestins, limiting production of diacylglycerol (by receptor desensitization) while enhancing its rate of degradation, is analogous to their ability to recruit adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterases to Gs-coupled beta2-adrenergic receptors. Thus, beta-arrestins can serve similar regulatory functions for disparate classes of 7TMRs through structurally dissimilar enzymes that degrade chemically distinct second messengers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nelson, Christopher D -- Perry, Stephen J -- Regier, Debra S -- Prescott, Stephen M -- Topham, Matthew K -- Lefkowitz, Robert J -- CA95463/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HL16037/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL70631/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 2;315(5812):663-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17272726" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arrestins/*metabolism ; COS Cells ; Carbachol/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Diacylglycerol Kinase/genetics/*metabolism ; Diglycerides/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mutation ; Phosphatidic Acids/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Receptor, Muscarinic M1/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Second Messenger Systems ; *Signal Transduction ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Oxygen on the Rate of Photorespiration in Detached Tobacco Leaves (1966)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 19 (1966), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The rate of carbon dioxide exchange in both light and darkness by detached tobacco leaves placed at various oxygen concentrations was measured by an Infra-Red CO2 Analyzer and a Clark oxygen electrode. It was observed that during illumination oxygen had two different effects. One was to stimulate carbon dioxide evolution and the other to inhibit carbon dioxide absorption.Concentration of carbon dioxide at compensation point was found to be a linear function of oxygen concentration and this has been explained as due mainly to an increased evolution of carbon dioxide. Such an evolution during illumination has been called photorespiration. Increased concentrations of oxygen also had a stimulating effect on the magnitude of the initial post-illumination burst of carbon dioxide in darkness, but no effect on the subsequent steady rates.These data have been explained as due to the suspension of regular respiration in darkness and its replacement by a different process, tentatively called photorespiration.A second effect of oxygen was to reduce the efficiency (called “carboxylation efficiency”) with which a leaf was able to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1966.tb07057.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concurrent changes in the products and the rate of photosynthesis in chlorella vulgaris in the presence of blue light (1964)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 51 (1964), S. 274-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00638475
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the mode of action of blue light on the products of photosynthesis in Chlorella vulgaris (1965)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 52 (1965), S. 435-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00589698
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative study of translocation of assimilated14C from leaves of different species (1969)
    Springer
    Planta 88 (1969), S. 103-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Translocation of assimilated14C from the leaves of different species varied both in the rate of export and in the total percentage moved out. Those species which are known to have high photosynthetic rates, such as the tropical grasses sorghum and millet, exported 70% or more of the assimilated14C during the first 6 h after assimilation, compared to values of 45 to 50% for tomato, castor bean,Nicotiana affinis and soybean. The compounds in which the14C was retained in the leaves varied from species to species. Except for castor bean only small amounts were retained in sucrose, with generally much higher amounts in fructose, glucose and malic acid. Most of the14C was retained in the ethanol-insoluble fraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01391116
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RAPD linkage mapping in a longleaf pine x slash pine F1 family (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 1119-1127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic linkage map ; Pinus palustris ; Pinus elliottii ; Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) were used to construct linkage maps of the parent of a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englm.) F1 family. A total of 247 segregating loci [233 (1∶1), 14 (3∶1)] and 87 polymorphic (between parents), but non-segregating, loci were identified. The 233 loci segregating 1∶1 (testcross configuration) were used to construct parent-specific linkage maps, 132 for the longleaf-pine parent and 101 for the slash-pine parent. The resulting linkage maps consisted of 122 marker loci in 18 groups (three or more loci) and three pairs (1367.5 cM) for longleaf pine, and 91 marker loci in 13 groups and six pairs for slash pine (952.9 cM). Genome size estimates based on two-point linkage data ranged from 2348 to 2392 cM for longleaf pine, and from 2292 to 2372 cM for slash pine. Linkage of 3∶1 loci to testcross loci in each of the parental maps was used to infer further linkages within maps, as well as potentially homologous counterparts between maps. Three of the longleaf-pine linkage groups appear to be potentially homologous counterparts to four different slash-pine linkage groups. The number of heterozygous loci (previously testcross in parents) per F1 individual, ranged from 96 to 130. With the 87 polymorphic, but non-segregating, loci that should also be heterozygous in the F1 progeny, a maximum of 183–217 heterozygous loci could be available for mapping early height growth (EHG) loci and for applying genomic selection in backcross populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222931
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A partial genetic linkage map of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) based on random amplified polymorphic DNAs (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 145-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pinus elliottii var. elliottii ; Megagametophyte ; Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) ; Genetic linkage map ; Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A set of 420 random, 10-base, oligonucleotide primers was screened for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments within a sample of eight megagametophyte DNAs of a single slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) tree. The apparently repeatable RAPD fragments were further characterized within a sample of 68 megagametophytes from the same tree. Fragments segregating in a 1∶1, present-to-absent, ratio were classified and mapped using multi-point linkage analysis. The analysis revealed 13 linkage groups of at least three loci, ranging in size from 28 to 68 cM, and nine linked pairs of loci. The 22 groups and pairs included 73 RAPD markers and covered a genetic map distance of approximately 782 cM. Genome size estimates, based on linkage data, ranged from 2880 to 3360 cM. Using a 30-cM map scale and including the 24 unlinked markers and the ends of the 13 linkage groups and nine linked pairs, the set of RAPD markers accounts for approximately 2160 cM or 64–75% of the genome. This extent of genomic coverage should allow for the efficient mapping of genes responsible for a reaction to the causal agent of fusiform rust disease, Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223758
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Linkage mapping and genome length in eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 1031-1037 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Genome mapping ; Map length ; Pines ; RAPD ; Microsatellite DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Haploid linkage analysis of eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L., was carried out using mainly RAPD markers and microsatellite, or simple-sequence-repeat, markers. Ninety one loci mapped to 12 linkage groups of three or more markers. The resulting framework genome map, the first for a soft pine species, contained 69 markers. The map covered 58% of the estimated genome length of 2071 cM(K), with a 95% confidence interval of 1828–2242 cM(K). A systematic comparison of linkage data from eastern white pine, longleaf pine (P. palustris Mill.) and maritime pine (P. pinaster Ait.), gave genome-length estimates for all three species very close to either 2000 cM(K) or 2600 cM(H), depending on whether the Kosambi(K) or Haldane(H) map functions, respectively, were employed. Differences among previous pine genome-length estimates were attributed to the divergent criteria used in the methods of estimation, and indicate the need for the adoption of uniform criteria when performing genome-length estimates. Current data suggest that members of the two pine subgenera, which diverged during the late Mesozoic era, have highly conserved rates of recombination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050511
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