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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 8 (1969), S. 2083-2088 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 8 (1969), S. 3638-3643 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 46 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Airborne spores of the fungal pathogens causing Sigatoka diseases in banana and plantain were monitored using rotorod spore traps, sited at various heights within an infected plantation in Costa Rica from December 1993 to February 1994. Different capture patterns of ascospores and conidia were found and the relationship between wind behaviour and spore catches was investigated. This information has enabled an assessment to be made of the reliability of point measurements of airborne spores for monitoring spore movements on the plantation scale. The use of such information in forecasting the airborne movement of these spores and the likely role of the wind in the spread of this disease to uninfected areas is discussed.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La pénétration d'une application topique de pyrethrine I chez le mâle adulte de Periplaneta americana et sa distribution ultérieure dans l'organisme est étudiée microchimiquement et biologiquement. Après application d'une dose égale à la DL 95 (0,5 μg par insecte), la pyrethrine I est absorbée à la surface de l'insecte à un taux décroissant avec le temps; 20% de la dose appliquée pénètre durant la 1ère heure, mais l'élimination limite la quantité trouvée dans l'organisme à un maximum de 13%. La quantité trouvée dans l'organisme s'accroît pendant la 1ère heure après l'intoxication, quand les symptômes de l'intoxication deviennent importants, puis reste stationnaire jusqu'à la fin du test, soit 48 heures après l'intoxication. La pyrethrine I s'absorbe fortement mais réversiblement sur la phase solide de l'insecte, à partir de la solution aqueuse et le coefficient de partition est de 3×104: 1. Ce coefficient donnarait une concentration de pyrethrine I de seulement 4 × 10−11 M dans l'hémolymphe des insectes intoxiqués à la DL 95, mais la phase solide de l'hémolymphe augmenterait sa teneur en pyrethrine I et accélérerait la vitesse de pénétration de l'insecticide, de la cuticule vers le système nerveux. Des tests chimiques capables de déceler la pyrethrine I à la concentration de 2×10−8 M n'ont pu établir sa présence dans l'hémolymphe des blattes intoxiquées, mais cette hémolymphe provoque des symptômes analogues à ceux de l'intoxication par les pyrethrines, quand elle est appliquée à des préparations nerveuses de blattes nonintoxiquées. Quoique la pyrethrine I à la concentration de 4 × 10−11 M dans l'hémolymphe de blattes traitées localement à la DL 95 de cet insecticide, semble trop diluée pour produire les symptômes observés dans le système nerveux, des résultats supplémentaires n'ont pas autorisé une autre hypothèse, à savoir que l'insecticide atteindrait le système nerveux via la cuticule et le système trachéen. Des concentrations plus fortes de pyrethrine I, localisées près du système nerveux pendant les premiers stades de l'intoxication pourraient expliquer cette anomalie.
    Notes: Abstract Penetration of topically-applied pyrethrin I into adult male American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana L.) and its subsequent distribution within the insects was studied microchemically and biologically. After applying an LD95 (0.5 μg per insect), pyrethrin I was lost from the surface of the insects at a rate diminishing with time; 20% of the dose applied penetrated during the first hour, but elimination limited the amount found inside the insects to a maximum of 13%. The amount inside the insects increased for an hour after dosing, when symptoms of poisoning had become severe, but then remained steady until the end of the test, 48 hrs after dosing. Pyrethrin I sorbs strongly but reversibly on insect solids from aqueous solution, and at equilibrium is distributed between solids and solution in the ratio 3 × 104: 1. This ratio would give a concentration of only 4 × 10−11 M of pyrethrin I in the haemolymph of insects poisoned with an LD95 of the insecticide, but solids in the haemolymph would increase its pyrethrin I content and speed the spread of the insecticide from cuticle to nervous system. Chemical tests able to detect pyrethrin I at concentrations of 2×10−8 M failed to show its presence in the haemolymph of poisoned cockroaches, but the haemolymph caused symptoms resembling those of pyrethroid poisoning when applied to nerve preparations from normal cockroaches. Although pyrethrin I at 4 × 10−11 M in the haemolymph of cockroaches treated topically with LD95s of the insecticide seems too dilute to have produced the symptoms observed in their nervous systems, the results of additional tests did not support the alternative suggestion that the insecticide reached the nervous system by spreading over the cuticle and through the tracheal system. Larger concentrations of pyrethrin I occurring locally in the haemolymph near the nervous system during the early stages of poisoning may explain the anomaly.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 14 (1971), S. 179-189 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Neurophysiologische Methoden wurden angewendet, um die Wirkung von Pyrethrin I auf die Leitung von Aktionspotentialen in Riesenfasern und den Umfang der Spontanaktivität im 6. Abdominalganglion erwachsener männlicher Küchenschaben festzustellen. In Versuchen an isolierten Nervenpräparaten hatten Pyrethrin I-Konzentrationen von weniger als 10-7 M wenig Wirkung auf die Riesenfasern, während so geringe Konzentrationen wie 10-10 M im Ganglion die Höhe der Aktivität beeinflußten. Riesenfasern von Küchenschaben, die vorher örtlich mit DL95s von Pyrethrin I behandelt worden waren, wurden 1–4 Stunden nach der Vergiftung stark beeinflußt, wenn die Insekten stark angegriffen waren, doch war die Aktivität im 6. Abdominalganglion zu diesem Zeitpunkt stark erhöht. Einige intraganglionäre Neurone sind also gegenüber der Vergiftung mit Pyrethrinen wesentlich empfindlicher als die Riesenfasern, was darauf hindeutet, daß die gefährlichen Schädigungen durch Pyrethrine wahrscheinlich eher innerhalb der Ganglien als in peripheren Nerven auftreten. Die Wirkung von Pyrethrin I an Riesenfasern ähnelt den von Narahashi (1962 a+b) für Allethrin beschriebenen, doch war Pyrethrin I etwa 30mal aktiver.
    Notes: Abstract Spontaneous nervous activity in the sixth abdominal ganglia of the cockroach is increased by much smaller concentrations of pyrethrin I than are needed to affect conduction in giant fibre axons, suggesting that the fatal lesions caused by pyrethrin I may be within the ganglia rather than associated with axonic conduction. Pyrethrin I is about 30 times more active than allethrin (Narahashi, 1962, a & b) against conduction in giant fibres.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um die Eindringgeschwindigkeit von Diazoxon in die Amerikanische Küchenschabe Periplaneta americana festzustellen, wurden mikrochemische Verfahren benutzt, indem nach örtlicher Aufbringung das Verschwinden von der Oberfläche der Kutikula gemessen wurde. Mit ähnlichen Methoden wurden auch die Anteile der eingedrungenen Menge abgeschätzt, die abgebaut oder von den Geweben absorbiert wurden oder in der Haemolymphe zirkulieren. Das Eindringen von Diazoxon, das auf dem Sternum des Metathorax erwachsener Küchenschaben-Männchen aufgetragen wurde, ist der vergangenen Zeit proportional, und über 3/4 einer LD90 (2,6 μg) ist nach 2 Stunden eingedrungen. Die Menge im Insekt wächst eine Stunde nach der Applikation auf etwa 1/5 der angewendeten Dosis und nimmt nach 2 Stunden auf etwa 1/12 ab. Etwa 2/5 der eingedrungenen Menge wird an ungelöste Stoffe gebunden, und in Anbetracht dessen wurde für die maximal erreichte Konzentration in der gesamten Körperflüssigkeit 1,4 μM berechnet, was etwa 1/8 der angewandten Dosis entspricht. Die Zeit-Konzentrations-Kurve des Diazoxons in der Haemolymphe einzelner Küchenschaben, die mit einer LD90 behandelt worden waren, hatte einen ähnlichen Verlauf wie die für das gesamte Diazoxon; die Konzentration erreichte ein Maximum 1 1/2 Stunden nach der Behandlung, wobei es von 0,9 bis 3,4 μM mit einem “Median” wert von 1,8 μM schwankte. Die enge Beziehung zwischen der Konzentration in der Haemolymphe und in der gesamten Körperflüssigkeit machte es wahrscheinlich, daß sie annähernd im Gleichgewicht miteinander stehen. Bei der Bespülung von Küchenschaben-Ganglien in vitro mit einer Reihe von Diazoxon-Konzentrationen in Kochsalzlösung unter Beobachtung der Vergiftungssymptome in den Metathorax-Ganglien mit elektrophysiologischen Methoden wurde eine Kurve aufgestellt über die Beziehungen der Diazoxon-Konzentration zu der Zeit, die erforderlich ist, um irreversible Schäden der Nervenfunktion hervorzurufen. Unter Anwendung der gleichen Methoden bei der Beobachtung des Verhaltens der Ganglien in Küchenschaben, die zu bekannter Zeit vorher mit LD90s von Diazoxon örtlich behandelt worden waren, konnte von der Kurve die Diazoxon-Konzentration in der Haemolymphe abgeschätzt werden, wann die Ganglien irreversibel geschädigt wurden. Irreversible Schädigung trat erst 1–2 Stunden nach der Anwendung mit einer LD90 auf, und die Konzentration, die zur Erzeugung des gleichen Vergiftungsstadiums in freigelegten Ganglien in vitro in der gleichen Zeit erforderlich war (0,6–1,0 μM), ähnelt eher der mittleren Konzentration (1,8 μM), die durch chemische Prüfung in der Haemolymphe ähnlich behandelter Schaben gefunden wurde. Daraus folgt, daß Diazoxon von der Haemolymphe aus in die Ganglien eindringt, und daß es eher direkt wirkt statt als Umwandlungsprodukt oder durch die Entbindung eines neuroaktiven Stoffes.
    Notes: Abstract Microchemical techniques were used to assess the rate of penetration of diazoxon into the American cockroach Periplaneta americana L. by measuring loss from the surface of the cuticle after topical application. By similar methods the proportions of the amount entering which were decomposed, absorbed by the tissues, or circulating in the haemolymph were also estimated. About three-quarters of an LD90 of diazoxon (2.6 μg) applied to the metathoracic sternum of adult male cockroaches had penetrated the cuticle 2 hr after treatment. The maximum concentration within the cockroach, reached about 1 hour after treatment, was 2.4 μM, but two-fifths of this is sorbed on solids, leaving 1.4 μM in the total body fluids. The maximum concentration in the haemolymph occurred 1 1/2 hr. after treatment and ranged from 0.9 to 3.4 μM, with a “median” value of 1.8 μM. The close relationship between concentration in haemolymph and in total body fluids suggests that they are in approximate equilibrium. An independent estimate of the concentration of diazoxon in the haemolymph of cockroaches treated with an LD90 of the insecticide, made by means of an electrophysiological technique, agreed well with the values obtained from the chemical assay. The maximum concentrations (0.6–1.0 μM) was found 1–2 hr. after treatment, when irreversible damage to the nervous system first occurred. The close agreement between the chemical and biological estimates suggests that diazoxon invades the nerve cord from the haemolymph, and that it acts directly, rather than as a metabolite or by the release of a neuroactive material.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Czechoslovak journal of physics 23 (1973), S. 279-281 
    ISSN: 1572-9486
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Key words Ultraviolet radiation ; Mycosphaerella fijiensis ; Mortality ; Spore ; Dispersal ; Banana ; Airborne spores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  The influence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in simulated natural sunlight on the viability of ascospores of Mycosphaerella fijiensis, the cause of Black Sigatoka disease in banana and plantain, has been investigated as part of a study to assess the windborne spread of this pathogen from mainland Central and South America into the Caribbean. Spores were killed following continuous exposure to UV radiation for periods of 6 h or over. This relatively short exposure time suggests that the distances over which viable spores can be transported will be determined not only by the speed of the wind but also the amount of cloud cover and the time off day that spore release occurs. On this basis, wind dispersal of viable spores over distances greater than a few hundred kilometres is unlikely. These conclusions are reinforced by an examination of historical reports of the arrival of the disease in previously uninfected areas of the Americas and Africa.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Desert rodents ; Microhabitat selection ; Moonlight avoidance ; Optimal patch use ; Timing of foraging activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The foraging decisions of animals are often influenced by risk of predation and by the renewal of resources. For example, seed-eating gerbils on sand dunes in the Negev Desert of Israel prefer to forage in the bush microhabitat and during darker hours due to risk of predation. Also, daily renewal of seed resource patches and timing of nightly foraging activity in a depleting environment play important roles in species coexistence. We examined how these factors influence the timing of gerbil foraging by quantifying foraging activity in seed resource patches that we experimentally renewed hourly during the night. As in previous work, gerbils showed strong preference for the safe bush microhabitat and foraged less in response to high levels of illumination from natural moon light and from artificial sources. We demonstrate here for the first time that gerbils also responded to temporal and spatial heterogeneity in predatory risk through their timing of activity over the course of each night. Typically, gerbils concentrated their activity early in the night, but this changed with moon phase and in response to added illumination. These results can be understood in terms of the nature of patch exploitation by gerbils and the role played by the marginal value of energy in determining the cost of predation. They further show the dynamic nature of gerbil foraging decisions, with animals altering foraging efforts in response to time, microhabital, moon phase, illumination, and resource availability.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Predation ; Desert rodents ; Habitat selection ; Optimal foraging ; Predatory risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Researchers have documented microhabitat partitioning among the heteromyid rodents of the deserts of North America that may result from microhabitat specific predation rates; large/bipedal species predominate in the open/risky microhabitat and small/quadrupedal species predominate in the bush/safer microhabitat. Here, we provide direct experimental evidence on the role of predatory risk in affecting the foraging behavior of three species of heteromyid rodents: Arizona pocket mouse (Perognathus amplus; small/quadrupedal), Bailey's pocket mouse (P. baileyi; large/quadrupedal), and Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami; large/bipedal). Both kangaroo rats and pocket mice are behaviorally flexible and able to adjust their foraging behavior to nightly changes in predatory risk. Under low levels of perceived predatory risk the kangaroo rat foraged relatively more in the open microhabitat than the two pocket mouse species. In response to the presence of barn owls, however, all three species shifted their habitat use towards the bush microhabitat. In response to direct measures of predatory risk, i.e. the actual presence of owls, all three species reduced foraging and left resource patches at higher giving up densities of seeds. In response to indirect indicators of predatory risk, i.e. illumination, there was a tendency for all three species to reduce foraging. The differences in morphology between pocket mice and kangaroo rats do appear to influence their behavioral responses to predatory risk.
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