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1

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Fathead minnows use chemical cues to discriminate natural shoalmates from unfamiliar conspecifics (1994)

Brown, Grant E. ; Smith, R. Jan F.

Springer

Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 3051-3061

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ISSN: 1573-1561

Keywords: Fathead minnow ; Pimephales promelas ; familiar recognition ; alarm signaling ; kin selection

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract Naturally occurring shoals of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were captured and individuals given the choice between shoalmates and unfamiliar conspecifics in a two-choice discrimination test. When presented with chemosensory cues alone or with both chemosensory and visual cues, minnows exhibited a significant preference for shoalmates versus unfamiliar conspecifics. With visual cues alone, there was no significant discrimination of shoalmates. A second set of trials was conducted to ensure that minnows were choosing natural shoalmates and not just individuals with which they were held in the laboratory. When given the choice between unfamiliar conspecifics and shoalmates from which they were separated for a minimum of two months, minnows exhibited a significant preference for shoalmates. Taken together, these data suggest that fathead minnows are able to discriminate among conspecifics on the basis of familiarity using chemosensory cues, even after a relatively long separation. The ability to discriminate among conspecifics may facilitate: (1) the maintenance of kin groups or groups that share similar foraging or predator avoidance patterns or (2) the recognition of former shoalmates after some period of separation.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033710

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2

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Ostariophysan Alarm Pheromones: Laboratory and Field Tests of the Functional Significance of Nitrogen Oxides (2000)

Brown, Grant E. ; Adrian, James C. ; Smyth, Erin ; [et al.]

Springer

Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 139-154

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ISSN: 1573-1561

Keywords: Ostariophysan fishes ; chemical alarm signals ; alarm pheromone ; anti-predator behavior ; hypoxanthine-3-N-oxide ; nitrogen oxides

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract In laboratory and field-trapping studies, we exposed fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and finescale dace (Chrosomus neogaeus) to hypoxanthine-3-N-oxide and a suite of structurally and functionally similar compounds in order to determine if: (1) hypoxanthine-3-N-oxide functions as a chemical alarm signal in ostariophysan fishes and (2) the purine skeleton, a structural component, or the nitrogen oxide, a functional component, or both act as the molecular trigger in this chemical alarm signaling system. Minnows and dace exhibited significant antipredator responses when exposed to conspecific skin extract or hypoxanthine-3-N-oxide (increased shoaling and decreased area use) and the functionally similar pyridine-N-oxide (increased shoaling) but not to structurally similar molecules lacking a nitrogen oxide functional group or to a swordtail skin extract control. Field-trapping studies revealed similar results. Traps labeled with fathead minnows skin extract, hypoxanthine-3-N-oxide, or pyridine-N-oxide caught significantly fewer fish than did those labeled with distilled water. These data strongly suggest that the nitrogen oxide functional group acts as the chief molecular trigger in the Ostariophysan alarm pheromone system and that, contrary to previous research, hypoxanthine-3-N-oxide may be one of several possible molecules that function as a chemical alarm signal. Here we report the first example of a single functional group capable of eliciting a suite of behavioral responses.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005445629144

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3

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Effects of diet on localized defecation by Northern Pike,Esox lucius (1996)

Brown, Grant E. ; Chivers, Douglas P. ; Smith, R. Jan F.

Springer

Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 467-475

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ISSN: 1573-1561

Keywords: Fathead minnow ; Pimephales promelas ; northern pike ; Esox lucius ; localized defecation ; predator labelling ; alarm substance

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) are able to detect conspecific alarm pheromone in the feces of northern pike (Esox lucius) and have been shown to avoid areas labeled with the feces of pike that were fed minnows. The minnows did not avoid areas labeled with the feces of pike that were fed swordtails (Xiphophorous helleri), which lack ostariophysan alarm pheromone. In laboratory experiments, pike fed a diet of minnows localized their defecation away from their foraging area. It has been suggested that in doing so, pike may remove chemical cues that label their foraging area as dangerous to prey species. As yet there has been no conclusive evidence to support this hypothesis. In this experiment, we test the effects of different predator diets on localized defecation by pike. Pike were fed minnows, swordtails, or mice (Mus musculus). Swordtails and mice lack ostariophysan alarm pheromones. Area use and location of feces were recorded. Pike fed minnows spent significantly more time in the home area (i.e., area of the test tank where they were fed) and defecated significantly more often in the opposite end of the tank. Pike fed swordtails also exhibited a significant preference for the home area in area use, while those fed mice showed no such preference. When fed either swordtails or mice, there was no significant difference between the proportion of time spent and proportion of feces in each area of the test tank. These data suggest that pike localize their defecation only when consuming prey items containing alarm pheromone. The current findings support the hypothesis that pike localize their defecation to remove chemical cues from the foraging area of the home range in order to avoid chemically labeling their foraging area as dangerous to prey.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033649

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4

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Differential learning rates of chemical versus visual cues of a northern pike by fathead minnows in a natural habitat (1997)

Brown, Grant E. ; Chivers, Douglas P. ; Smith, R. Jan F.

Springer

Environmental biology of fishes 49 (1997), S. 89-96

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ISSN: 1573-5133

Keywords: predator recognition ; alarm substance ; schreckstoff ; predator avoidance ; Esox lucius ; Pimephales promelas

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract We stocked 39 juvenile pike, Esox lucius, into a previously pike free pond which contained a population of approximately 78 000 fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas. Fathead minnows sampled prior to pike stocking did not show a stereotypic fright response to either visual or chemical cues from pike. After stocking pike, we sampled minnows every two days for a period of two weeks. Minnows sampled six days after stocking still did not show a fright response to the sight of a pike, but those sampled eight days after stocking did exhibit a significant fright response, indicating that acquired predator recognition based on vision occurred between six and eight days. Minnows sampled two days after stocking did not show a fright response to chemical cues of a pike. Those sampled four days after did, however, exhibit a significant fright response, indicating that acquired predator recognition based on chemical cues occurred between two and four days. These data indicate that acquired predator recognition occurs very rapidly and that the rate of learning of predator identity differs for chemical versus visual cues.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007302614292

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5

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Scratching the Skin of Predator—prey Interactions in Fishes: A Tribute to R. Jan F. Smith (1940–1998) (1999)

Chivers, Douglas P. ; Mathis, Alicia ; Brown, Grant E. ; [et al.]

Springer

Environmental biology of fishes 56 (1999), S. 343-350

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ISSN: 1573-5133

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007585207192

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6

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Do kin always make better neighbours?: The effects of territory quality (1993)

Brown, Grant E. ; Brown, Joseph A.

Springer

Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 33 (1993), S. 225-231

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ISSN: 1432-0762

Keywords: Territorial behaviour ; Kin discrimination ; Rainbow trout

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary The effects of territory quality on kin-biased territorial defence behaviour and fitness of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined by manipulating food and predation risk levels in an artificial stream channel. Groups of related (full sibling) or unrelated fry were observed in the channel under one of four treatments: (1) high food-low predator (high territory quality); (2) high food-high predator; (3) low food-low predator; and (4) low food-high predator (low territory quality). Fish within kin groups always initiated fewer aggressive interactions, defended smaller territories, exhibited higher proportions of ‘threat’ type territorial defence behaviours (as opposed to ‘overtly aggressive’ behaviours) and had a higher mean weight increase than non-kin groups. Within both kin and non-kin groups, decreasing territory quality significantly increased the frequency of aggressive interactions, the size of territories and decreased growth. It is argued that while kin-biased territorial defence behaviours are always present, decreased availability of resources and increased predation risk serve to reduce the magnitude of this kin bias. However, even in low-quality territories, the benefit of associating with kin may increase the probability of overwintering survival (increased fitness) of the young fish by increasing body size.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027119

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7

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Localized defecation by pike: a response to labelling by cyprinid alarm pheromone? (1995)

Brown, Grant E. ; Chivers, Douglas P. ; Smith, R. Jan F.

Springer

Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 36 (1995), S. 105-110

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ISSN: 1432-0762

Keywords: Esox lucius ; Pimephales promelas Schreckstoff ; Predator labelling ; Localized defecation

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) that have never encountered a predatory pike (Esox lucius), are able to detect conspecific alarm pheromone in a pike's diet if the pike has recently consumed minnows. It remains unclear how this minnow alarm pheromone is secreted by pike and if a pike is able to avoid being labelled as a potential predator by localizing these cues away from its foraging range. The first experiment determined that minnow alarm pheromone is present in pike feces when pike are fed minnows. Individual fathead minnows exhibited a fright response to a stimulus of pike feces if the pike had been fed minnows, but not if the pike had been fed swordtails, which lack alarm pheromone. Individual minnows also exhibited a fright reaction to alarm pheromone in the water (which contained no feces) housing pike which had been fed minnows, suggesting that alarm pheromone is also released in urine, mucous secretions and/or via respiration. The second experiment determined that test pike spent a significantly greater proportion of time in the “home area” of the test tanks (i.e. where they were fed) but the majority of feces were deposited in the opposite end of the test tank. By localizing their defecation away from the home or foraging area, pike may be able to counter the effects of being labelled as a predator by the alarm pheromone of the prey species.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170715

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8

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Kin discrimination in salmonids (1996)

Brown, Grant E. ; Brown, Joseph A.

Springer

Reviews in fish biology and fisheries 6 (1996), S. 201-219

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ISSN: 1573-5184

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary The data presented here suggest that significant selection pressures towards kin discrimination behaviour patterns result from kin-biased territorial defence behaviour patterns. Salmonids employ a phenotype matching recognition mechanism allowing individuals to discriminate unfamiliar kin. Kin discrimination abilities allow individuals to reduce the levels of aggression associated with territorial defence towards related conspecifics and to defend smaller territories near kin versus non-kin. This kin-biased territorial defence behaviour is observed in at least one species under a wide range of territorial quality conditions. Within kin groups, subordinate individuals obtain a greater number of foraging attempts, resulting in kin-biased foraging within the social group. As a result of this kin-bias, individuals within kin groups show significantly higher mean weight increases (increased direct fitness benefits) and reduced variance in these increases (increased indirect benefits). Since all individuals within the kin groups obtained higher, less variable weight increases, we can argue that individuals are increasing their inclusive fitness as a result of these kin-biased behaviour patterns. Based on these results, and on what is known about the life history of a variety of salmonid and non-salmonid species, we can formulate a number of testable predictions. By testing these predictions, we may be better able to understand both the proximate and ultimate causation of kin discrimination abilities in a variety of fishes.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00182343

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