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Electronic Resource

Distributed sensory coding applied to simulations of iconic storage and metacontrast (1978)

Bridgeman, Bruce

Springer

Bulletin of mathematical biology 40 (1978), S. 605-623

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ISSN: 1522-9602

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Mathematics

Notes: Abstract If information is coded in the combination of activities of many neurons operating in parallel, then information present in a network can be defined by the correlation of present network activity with the activity which had been elicited by a stimulus in the past; a high correlation indicates the presence of the previously encoded stimulus. Information is distributed in the network because coding is dependent upon the activities of all cells. A model based on Hartline-Ratliff lateral inhibition with a time delay shows that lateral inhibition can distribute information across a parallel network, reduce output noise, and also briefly store information. With no changes in model parameters, and the use of a correlation measure for recognition, the model can stimulate psychophysical results in eleven variations of the metacontrast masking paradigm.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02460733

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2

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A review of the role of efference copy in sensory and oculomotor control systems (1995)

Bridgeman, Bruce

Springer

Annals of biomedical engineering 23 (1995), S. 409-422

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ISSN: 1573-9686

Keywords: Corollary discharge ; Efference copy ; Eye movement ; Saccade ; Space constancy

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine , Technology

Notes: Abstract Efference copy is an internal copy of a motor innervation. In the oculomotor system it provides the only extraretinal signal about eye position that is available without delay, and it is shown to be the most important extraretinal source of information for perceptual localization and motor activity. Efference copy accompanies all voluntary eye movements and some involuntary ones, including pursuits, saccades, and the fast phases of vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus. Not all eye movements are accompanied by an efference copy; its presence is determined by a movement's function, not it dynamics. Because the gain of the efference copy mechanism is less than 1, and it does not take account of oculomotor delays and kinematics, it is supplemented by other mechanisms in achieving space constancy. It functions differently for perception and for visually guided behavior. There is only one efference copy for both eyes, reflecting Hering's law, and it is subject to adaptation.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000008

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Separate visual representations for perception and for visually guided behavior (1989)

Bridgeman, Bruce

In: CASI

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Publication Date: 2013-08-31

Description: Converging evidence from several sources indicates that two distinct representations of visual space mediate perception and visually guided behavior, respectively. The two maps of visual space follow different rules; spatial values in either one can be biased without affecting the other. Ordinarily the two maps give equivalent responses because both are veridically in register with the world; special techniques are required to pull them apart. One such technique is saccadic suppression: small target displacements during saccadic eye movements are not preceived, though the displacements can change eye movements or pointing to the target. A second way to separate cognitive and motor-oriented maps is with induced motion: a slowly moving frame will make a fixed target appear to drift in the opposite direction, while motor behavior toward the target is unchanged. The same result occurs with stroboscopic induced motion, where the frame jump abruptly and the target seems to jump in the opposite direction. A third method of separating cognitive and motor maps, requiring no motion of target, background or eye, is the Roelofs effect: a target surrounded by an off-center rectangular frame will appear to be off-center in the direction opposite the frame. Again the effect influences perception, but in half of the subjects it does not influence pointing to the target. This experience also reveals more characteristics of the maps and their interactions with one another, the motor map apparently has little or no memory, and must be fed from the biased cognitive map if an enforced delay occurs between stimulus presentation and motor response. In designing spatial displays, the results mean that what you see isn't necessarily what you get. Displays must be designed with either perception or visually guided behavior in mind.

Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT

Type: NASA, Ames Research Center, Spatial Displays and Spatial Instruments; 15 p

Format: application/pdf

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Alternating prism exposure causes dual adaptation and generalization to a novel displacement (1993)

Bridgeman, Bruce ; Browman, Kaitlin E. ; Anand, Sulekha ; [et al.]

In: Other Sources

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Publication Date: 2019-08-27

Description: In two experiments, we examined the hypothesis that repeatedly adapting and readapting to two mutually conflicting sensory environments fosters the development of a separate adaptation to each situation (dual adaptation) as well as an increased ability to adapt to a novel displacement (adaptive generalization). In the preliminary study, subjects alternated between adapting their visuomotor coordination to 30-diopter prismatic displacement and readapting to normal vision. Dual adaptation was observed by the end of 10 alternation cycles. However, an unconfounded test of adaptive generalization was prevented by an unexpected prism-adaptive shift in preexposure baselines for the dual-adapted subjects. In the primary experiment, the subjects adapted and readapted to opposite 15-diopter displacements for a total of 12 cycles. Both dual adaptation and adaptive generalization to a 30-diopter displacement were obtained. These findings may be understood in terms of serial reversal learning and 'learning to learn'.

Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Type: Perception &amp; Psychophysics (ISSN 0031-5117); 54; 2; p. 195-204.

Format: text

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[Activities of Psychology Dept., California Univ.] (1998)

Bridgeman, Bruce

In: CASI

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Publication Date: 2019-07-10

Description: We have completed two studies during the grant period, with manuscripts published or ready for submission for publication: (1) Dual adaptation and adaptive generalization in the human vestibuloocular reflex and (2) Frequency vs. acceleration specificity in human VOR adaptation. In the 1st study two studies examined the possibility that rotational VOR plasticity is subject to dual adaptation and adaptive generalization. Subjects in the experimental condition were exposed to an altered visual-vestibular environment for about four minutes every day for five consecutive days. The working hours between these testing sessions constituted re-exposure to the normal visual environment. Thus, subjects were repeatedly adapting and re-adapting to both environments which is a condition designed to produce dual adaptation. In each training session a measure of baseline VOR gain was obtained (in the dark). A small laser spot (the only visual stimulus) was systematically moved in the same direction as the subject's head, but by half the angle of rotation (target/head gain = 0.5). This resulted in adaptation values relativized to the non-adapted gain of each subject. These values were then analyzed using an analysis of variance with day and session (within a day) as factors. In the 2nd study human VOR adaption has been assumed to be frequency specific, despite the fact that the semicircular canals are simulated by rotational acceleration and not frequency per se.

Keywords: Aerospace Medicine

Format: application/pdf

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