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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 5013-5017 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: High power, pulsed microwaves are beamed forward of a model in a Mach 6 flow using an on-board, Ku-band horn. A thin "precursor" plasma is generated just ahead of the bow shock in the low density free stream. Temporal and spatial analysis of the microwave E-field and plasma conductivity in the supersonic flow field indicate that the plasma reflects a large proportion of the microwave power in an individual pulse as soon as the plasma frequency exceeds the wave frequency. Possible methods for more efficient deposition of power in the free stream are discussed which could lead to increased interaction with the shock. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  A new concept for flow visualization is demonstrated in which fluorescence from locally seeded iodine is viewed in the wake of simple aerodynamic models at Mach 6. Localized seeding is performed by painting a small area of a ceramic model with a tincture of iodine. When the model is injected into the flow, the adsorbed iodine is entrained into the boundary layer, follows the model contour, and ultimately mixes into the wake region. Planar “snapshots” of the wake flow are taken by exciting the iodine with an ArF excimer laser sheet at 193 nm and observing the fluorescence in the 210–600 nm region with an intensified CCD camera.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 17 (1969), S. 33-49 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Pollen-analytic and macrofossil investigations were made in the Giehler Moor, a raised bog in the Teufelsmoor area, now drained by peat cuttings. It was shown that during the time of the formation of both the highly and the slightly humified Sphagnum peat a „lagg” existed in the marginal zone of the bog consisting of sedge associations rich in mosses,Myrica andBetula. A marginal slope was also indicated by the composition of the peat. The results are of interest for the reconstruction of the natural landscape since the original vegetation of „lagg” and marginal slope has not been preserved in any of the big raised bogs of NW Germany. Statements about the geographic distribution of thisMyrica-lagg type of raised bog cannot yet be made.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Am Giehler Moor, einem heute entwässerten Hochmoor des Teufelsmoorgebiets, wird an Hand von pollenanalytischen und Großrestuntersuchungen gezeigt, daß zur Zeit der Schwarztorf — wie der Weißtorfbildung in der Randzone des Moores ein Gürtel aus moosreichen Kleinseggengesellschaften mit reichlichMyrica undBetula vorgekommen ist, der damals den Lagg dargestellt hat. Ein Randgehänge scheint sich ebenfalls in der Zusammensetzung der Torfe abzuzeichnen. Da die natürliche Vegetation von Lagg und Randgehänge heute bei keinem der großen nw-deutschen Hochmoore mehr erhalten ist, sind die Befunde für die Rekonstruktion der Naturlandschaft von Belang — mag auch noch offen sein, wie verbreitet dieser Hochmoor-Typus mitMyrica-Lagg gewesen ist.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 11 (1963), S. 325-341 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Samples of peat, each one about 50 cm3, have been submitted to qualitative and quantitative analysis of their identifiable macrofossil plant remains (tissue fragments, seeds, fruits). It is then assumed that the analysis of each peat sample may be considered equivalent to the relevé made by the phytosociologist on present-day vegetation. An attempt is made to analyse these results with the aid of the techniques of the phytosociologist and from his point of view. Analyses of almost 400 samples were available, all of them from the coastal area of N.W. Germany lying between the Rivers Weser and Elbe (Fig. I). The bogs from which they were taken occur in the district where Marsch (marine Holocene) and Geest (Pleistocene) meet. Bog formation in this district has been under strong periodic influence from post-glacial transgression of the North Sea. In all, 81 taxa were identified in the samples, 70 of them to species (Tab. 1). The samples investigated fall into 23 types, defined on a floristic basis. In the tables, 22 of these are represented by 166 selected samples. (Strictly ombrotrophic peats are not considered in this analysis.) A satisfactory correspondance was found between these 22 types, arrived at by purely inductive methods, and present-day vegetation units generally considered to be peat forming. These fall within the orders Phragmitetalia, Caricetalia fuscae and Scheuchzerietalia (Tab. 2) or have the character of Alder, Birch or Pine carr (Tab. 3 and 4). It was not always possible to assign a sample to lower vegetation units. Some of the peat samples seem to have arisen also from Salix or Myrica scrub (Tab. 6). Some of the peat samples indicated that they had arisen from a mixture of different vegetation types, which differed especially in their nutritional requirements. Thus, purely ombrotrophic species of the Oxycocco-Sphagnetea occurred in the same sample as species of the Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae and even of the Phragmitetalia (Tab. 5). Such overlapping, which, incidentally, was not confined to samples free from wood remains (Tab. 4), indicates a small-scale habitat differentiation of the original peat-forming communities, both in the vertical (“storied pattern”) and also, probably, in the horizontal direction (“mosaic pattern”). The remarkable number of light plants identified in the peat which originated in woody communities would indicate that the trees were in a very open canopy and at times formed quite open scrub. The application of phytosociological methods has made possible not only the working out of a botanical classification of peat types (c.f. Tab. 7) but has also contributed towards a more exact knowledge of former peat-forming vegetation and of its habitat.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit geht davon aus, dass die Ergebnisse von Grossrestuntersuchungen an Torfen als “subrezente” Entsprechungen zu pflanzensoziologischen Aufnahmen der rezenten Vegetation aufgefasst werden können; sie ist ein Versuch, derartige Ergebnisse mit pflanzensoziologischen Methoden und unter pflanzensoziologischen Gesichtspunkten auszuwerten. Es lagen Untersuchungsergebnisse von fast 400 Torfproben vor, die sämtlich aus dem küstennahen Gebiet Nordwestdeutschlands swischen Weser und Elbe stammten, und zwar aus Mooren vom Grenzgebiet zwischen “Marsch” und “Geest”, wo die Moorbildung unter teilweise starker Beeinflussung durch die postglaziale Meerestransgression vor sich gegangen ist. In allen Torfen zusammen wurden die Grossreste von 81 Sippen (dar-unter 70 Arten) festgestellt. Die untersuchten Proben liessen sich 23 floristisch definierten Typen zuordnen, 22 davon — die eigentlichen Hochmoortorfe blieben in der vorliegenden Arbeit unberücksichtigt — werden in den Tabellen durch 166 ausgewählte Einzel-Befunde belegt. Unter den 22 rein induktiv ausgeschiedenen Torftypen gab es gute Entsprechungen für diejenigen Vegetationseinheiten, die innerhalb unserer heutigen Vegetation als die torfbildenden Einheiten gelten und die den Ordnungen Phragmitetalia, Caricetalia fuscae und Scheuchzerietalia sowie den Erlen-, Birken- und Kiefernbruchwäldern zugeordnet werden müssen. Eine Zuordnung zu niedrigeren soziologisch systematischen Einheiten was dabei allerdings nicht immer möglich. Es fanden sich ausserdem Torfe, die aus Salix-und Myrica-Gebüschen hervorgegangen sein müssen. Nicht selten waren aber auch Torfe, die auf Gemische verschiedenartiger Vegetationseinheiten hindeuteten, wobei diese sich dann besonders durch ihre Nährstoffansprüche unterschieden. So traten die rein ombrotrophen Arten der Oxycocco-Sphagnetea zusammen mit minerotrophen Arten der Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae, ja selbst der Phragmitetalia auf. Derartige Durchdringungen, die übrigens nicht auf die gehölzfreien Typen beschränkt waren, deuten auf eine engräumige standörtliche Differenzierung der ursprünglichen torfbildenden Pflanzengesellschaften hin: sowohl in der Vertikalen (“Stockwerk”-Aufbau) wie — wahrscheinlich —auch in der Horizontalen (mosaikartiger Aufbau). An jenen Torftypen, die Gehölzgesellschaften entsprachen, fiel ausserdem der hohe Anteil lichtliebender Arten auf, der darauf hinweist, dass die Bäume hier offenbar sehr lückige Bestände, unter Umständen auch nur lichte Gebüsche gebildet haben. Die angewandte pflanzensoziologische Arbeitsweise liefert nach allem nicht nur eine Möglichkeit, zu einer botanischen Torfsystematik zu gelangen, sondern sie führt auch zu einer differenzierteren Kenntnis der früheren torfbildenden Vegetation und ihres Standorts.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1999-03-05
    Print ISSN: 0723-4864
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1114
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2001-11-01
    Print ISSN: 1070-664X
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7674
    Topics: Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1969-12-01
    Print ISSN: 1385-0237
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5052
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-10-14
    Description: The paper reviews a combined numerical and experimental activity on the Shuttle Orbiter, first performed at NASA Langley within the Orbiter Experiment (OEX) and subsequently at ESA, as part of the AGARD FDP WG 18 activities. The study at Langley was undertaken to resolve the pitch up anomaly observed during the entry of the first flight of the Shuttle Orbiter. The present paper will focus on real gas effects on aerodynamics and not on heating. The facilities used at NASA Langley were the 15-in. Mach 6, the 20-in, Mach 6, the 31-in. Mach 10 and the 20-in. Mach 6 CF4 facility. The paper focuses on the high Mach, high altitude portion of the first entry of the Shuttle where the vehicle exhibited a nose-up pitching moment relative to pre-flight prediction of (Delta C(sub m)) = 0.03. In order to study the relative contribution of compressibility, viscous interaction and real gas effects on basic body pitching moment and flap efficiency, an experimental study was undertaken to examine the effects of Mach, Reynolds and ratio of specific heats at NASA. At high Mach, a decrease of gamma occurs in the shock layer due to high temperature effects. The primary effect of this lower specific heat ratio is a decrease of the pressure on the aft windward expansion surface of the Orbiter causing the nose-up pitching moment. Testing in the heavy gas, Mach 6 CF4 tunnel, gave a good simulation of high temperature effects. The facilities used at ESA were the lm Mach 10 at ONERA Modane, the 0.7 m hot shot F4 at ONERA Le Fauga and the 0.88 m piston driven shock tube HEG at DLR Goettingen. Encouraging good force measurements were obtained in the F4 facility on the Orbiter configuration. Testing of the same model in the perfect gas Mach 10 S4 Modane facility was performed so as to have "reference" conditions. When one compares the F4 and S4 test results, the data suggests that the Orbiter "pitch up" is due to real gas effects. In addition, pressure measurements, performed on the aft portion of the windward side of the Halis configuration in HEG and F4, confirm that the pitch up is mainly attributed to a reduction of pressure due to a local decrease in gamma.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: Hypersonic Experimental and Computational Capability, Improvement and Validation; Volume 2; AGARD-AR-319-Vol-2
    Format: text
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-10-14
    Description: The paper reviews a combined numerical and experimental activity on the Shuttle Orbiter, first performed at NASA Langley within the OEX workshop and subsequently at ESA, as part of the AGARD FDP WG 18 activities. The study at Langley was undertaken to resolve the pitch up anomaly observed during the entry of the first flight of the Shuttle Orbiter. The facilities used at NASA Langley were the 15-in. Mach 6, the 20-in, Mach 6, the 31-in. Mach 10 and the 20-in. Mach 6 CF4 facility. The paper focuses on the high Mach, high altitude portion of the first entry of the Shuttle where the vehicle exhibited a nose-up pitching moment relative to pre-flight prediction of (Delta C(sub m)) = 0 03. In order to study the relative contribution of compressibility, viscous interaction and real gas effects on basic body pitching moment and flap efficiency, an experimental study was undertaken to examine the effects of Mach, Reynolds and ratio of specific heats at NASA. At high Mach, a decrease of gamma occurs in the shock layer due to high temperature effects. The primary effect of this lower specific heat ratio is a decrease of the pressure on the aft windward expansion surface of the Orbiter causing the nose-up pitching moment. Testing in the heavy gas, Mach 6 CF4 tunnel, gave a good simulation of high temperature effects.
    Keywords: Research and Support Facilities (Air)
    Type: Future Aerospace Technology in the Service of the Alliance; Volume 3; AGARD-CP-600-Vol-3
    Format: text
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2018-06-05
    Description: Successful return of interstellar dust and cometary material by the Stardust Sample Return Capsule requires an accurate description of the Earth entry vehicle's aerodynamics. This description must span the hypersonic-rarefied, hypersonic-continuum, supersonic, transonic, and subsonic flow regimes. Data from numerous sources are compiled to accomplish this objective. These include Direct Simulation Monte Carlo analyses, thermochemical nonequilibrium computational fluid dynamics, transonic computational fluid dynamics, existing wind tunnel data, and new wind tunnel data. Four observations are highlighted: 1) a static instability is revealed in the free-molecular and early transitional-flow regime due to aft location of the vehicle s center-of-gravity, 2) the aerodynamics across the hypersonic regime are compared with the Newtonian flow approximation and a correlation between the accuracy of the Newtonian flow assumption and the sonic line position is noted, 3) the primary effect of shape change due to ablation is shown to be a reduction in drag, and 4) a subsonic dynamic instability is revealed which will necessitate either a change in the vehicle s center-of-gravity location or the use of a stabilizing drogue parachute.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Format: application/pdf
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