Call number:
9783662554760 (e-book)
Description / Table of Contents:
This book is the first comprehensive introduction to the theory of equatorially-confined waves and currents in the ocean. Among the topics treated are inertial and shear instabilities, wave generation by coastal reflection, semiannual and annual cycles in the tropic sea, transient equatorial waves, vertically-propagating beams, equatorial Ekman layers, the Yoshida jet model, generation of coastal Kelvin waves from equatorial waves by reflection, Rossby solitary waves, and Kelvin frontogenesis. A series of appendices on midlatitude theories for waves, jets and wave reflections add further material to assist the reader in understanding the differences between the same phenomenon in the equatorial zone versus higher latitudes.
Type of Medium:
12
Pages:
1 Online-Ressource (xxiv, 517 Seiten)
,
Illustrationen
ISBN:
978-3-662-55476-0
,
9783662554760
URL:
Ebook (access only within the AWI network)
DOI:
10.1007/978-3-662-55476-0
Language:
English
Note:
Contents
1 An Observational Overview of the Equatorial Ocean
1.1 The Thermocline: The Tropical Ocean as a Two-Layer Model
1.2 Equatorial Currents
1.3 The Somali Current and the Monsoon
1.4 Deep Internal Jets
1.5 The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
1.6 Upwelling in the Gulf of Guinea
1.7 Seasonal Variations of the Thermocline
1.8 Summary
References
2 Basic Equations and Normal Modes
2.1 Model
2.2 Boundary Conditions
2.3 Separation of Variables
2.4 Lamb’s Parameter, Equivalent Depths, Kelvin Phase Speeds and All that
2.5 Vertical Modes and Layer Models
2.6 Nondimensionalization
References
3 Kelvin, Yanai, Rossby and Gravity Waves
3.1 Latitudinal Wave Modes: An Overview
3.2 Latitudinal Wave Modes: Structure and Spatial Symmetries
3.3 Dispersion Relations: Exact and Approximate Frequencies
3.4 Analytic Approximations to Equatorial Wave Frequencies
3.4.1 Explicit Formulas
3.4.2 Long Wave Series
3.5 Separation of Time Scales
3.6 Forced Waves
3.7 How the Mixed-Rossby Gravity Wave Earned Its Name
3.8 Hough-Hermite Vector Basis
3.8.1 Introduction
3.8.2 Inner Product and Orthogonality
3.8.3 Orthonormal Basis Functions
3.9 Applications of the Hough-Hermite Basis: Linear Initial-Value Problems
3.10 Initialization Through Hough-Hermite Expansion
3.11 Energy Relationships
3.12 The Equatorial Beta-Plane as the Thin Limit of the Nonlinear Shallow Water Equations on the Sphere
References
4 The “Long Wave” Approximation & Geostrophy
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Quasi-Geostrophy
4.3 The “Meridional Geostrophy”, “Low Frequency” or “Long Wave” Approximation
4.4 Boundary Conditions
4.5 Frequency Separation of Slow [Rossby/Kelvin] and Fast [Gravity] Waves
4.6 Initial Value Problems in an Unbounded Ocean, Linearized About a State of Rest, in the Long Wave Approximation
4.7 Reflection from an Eastern Boundary in the Long Wave Approximation
4.7.1 The Method of Images
4.7.2 Dilated Images
4.7.3 Zonal Velocity
4.8 Forced Problems in the Long Wave Approximation
References
5 The Equator as Wall: Coastally Trapped Waves and Ray-Tracing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Coastally-Trapped Waves
5.3 Ray-Tracing For Coastal Waves
5.4 Ray-Tracing on the Equatorial Beta-Plane
5.5 Coastal and Equatorial Kelvin Waves
5.6 Topographic and Rotational Rossby Waves and Potential Vorticity
References
6 Reflections and Boundaries
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Reflection of Midlatitude Rossby Waves from a Zonal Boundary
6.3 Reflection of Equatorial Waves from a Western Boundary
6.4 Reflection from an Eastern Boundary
6.5 The Meridional Geostrophy/Long Wave Approximation and Boundaries
6.6 Quasi-normal Modes: Definition and Other Weakly Non-existent Phenomena
6.7 Quasi-normal Modes in the Long Wave Approximation: Derivation
6.8 Quasi-normal Modes in the Long Wave Approximation: Discussion
6.9 High Frequency Quasi-free Equatorial Oscillations
6.10 Scattering and Reflection from Islands
References
7 Response of the Equatorial Ocean to Periodic Forcing
7.1 Introduction
7.2 A Hierarchy of Models for Time-Periodic Forcing
7.3 Description of the Model and the Problem
7.4 Numerical Models: Reflections and “Ringing”
7.5 Atlantic Versus Pacific
7.6 Summary
References
8 Impulsive Forcing and Spin-Up
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Reflection of the Switched-On Kelvin Wave
8.3 Spin-Up of a Zonally-Bounded Ocean: Overview
8.4 The Interior (Yoshida) Solution
8.5 Inertial-Gravity Waves
8.6 Western Boundary Response
8.7 Sverdrup Flow on the Equatorial Beta-Plane
8.8 Spin-Up: General Considerations
8.9 Equatorial Spin-Up: Details
8.10 Equatorial Spin-Up: Summary
References
9 Yoshida Jet and Theories of the Undercurrent
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Wind-Driven Circulation in an Unbounded Ocean: f-Plane
9.3 The Yoshida Jet
9.4 An Interlude: Solving Inhomogeneous Differential Equations at Low Latitudes
9.4.1 Forced Eigenoperators: Hermite Series
9.4.2 Hutton–Euler Acceleration of Slowly Converging Hermite Series
9.4.3 Regularized Forcing
9.4.4 Bessel Function Explicit Solution for the Yoshida Jet
9.4.5 Rational Approximations: Two-Point Padé Approximants and Rational Chebyshev Galerkin Methods
9.5 Unstratified Models of the Undercurrent
9.5.1 Theory of Fofonoff and Montgomery (1955)
9.5.2 Model of Stommel (1960)
9.5.3 Gill (1971) and Hidaka (1961)
References
10 Stratified Models of Mean Currents
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Modal Decompositions for Linear, Stratified Flow
10.3 Different Balances of Forces
10.3.1 Bjerknes Balance
10.4 Forced Baroclinic Flow in the “Bjerknes” Approximation
10.4.1 Other Balances
10.5 The Sensitivity of the Undercurrent to Parameters
10.6 Observations of Subsurface Countercurrents (Tsuchiya Jets)
10.7 Alternate Methods for Vertical Structure with Viscosity
10.8 McPhaden’s Model of the EUC and SSCC’s: Results
10.9 A Critique of Linear Models of the Continuously-Stratified, Wind-Driven Ocean
References
11 Waves and Beams in the Continuously Stratified Ocean
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Equatorial Beams: A Theoretical Inevitability
11.1.2 Slinky Physics and Impedance Mismatch, or How Water Can Be as Reflective as Silvered Glass
11.1.3 Shallow Barriers to Downward Beams
11.1.4 Equatorial Methodology
11.2 Alternate Form of the Vertical Structure Equation
11.3 The Thermocline as a Mirror
11.4 The Mirror-Thermocline Concept: A Critique
11.5 The Zonal Wavenumber Condition for Strong Excitation of a Mode
11.6 Kelvin Beams: Background
11.7 Equatorial Kelvin Beams: Results
References
12 Stable Linearized Waves in a Shear Flow
12.1 Introduction
12.2 UðyÞ: Pure Latitudinal Shear
12.3 Neutral Waves in Flow Varying with Both Latitude and Height: Numerical Studies
12.4 Vertical Shear and the Method of Multiple Scales
References
13 Inertial Instability, Pancakes and Deep Internal Jets
13.1 Introduction: Stratospheric Pancakes and Equatorial Deep Jets
13.2 Particle Argument
13.2.1 Linear Inertial Instability
13.3 Centrifugal Instability: Rayleigh’s Parcel Argument
13.4 Equatorial Gamma-Plane Approximation
13.5 Dynamical Equator
13.6 Gamma-Plane Instability
13.7 Mixed Kelvin-Inertial Instability
13.8 Summary
References
14 Kelvin Wave Instability: Critical Latitudes and Exponentially Small Effects
14.1 Proxies and the Optical Theorem
14.2 Six Ways to Calculate Kelvin Instability
14.2.1 Power Series for the Eigenvalue
14.2.2 Hermite-Padé Approximants
14.2.3 Numerical Methods
14.3 Instability for the Equatorial Kelvin Wave in the Small Wavenumber Limit
14.3.1 Beyond-All-Orders Rossby Wave Instability
14.3.2 Beyond-All-Orders Kelvin Wave Instability in Weak Shear in the Long Wave Approximation
14.4 Kelvin Instability in Shear: The General Case
References
15 Nonmodal Instability
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Couette and Poiseuille Flow and Subcritical Bifurcation
15.3 The Fundamental Orr Solution
15.4 Interpretation: The “Venetian Blind Effect”
15.5 Refinements to the Orr Solution
15.6 The “Checkerboard” and Bessel Solution
15.6.1 The “Checkerboard” Solution
15.7 The Dandelion Strategy
15.8 Three-Dimensional Transients
15.9 ODE Models and Nonnormal Matrices
15.10 Nonmodal Instability in the Tropics
15.11 Summary
References
16 Nonlinear Equatorial Waves
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Weakly Nonlinear Multiple Scale Perturbation Theory
16.2.1 Reduction from Three Space Dimensions to One
16.2.2 Three Dimensions and Baroclinic Modes
16.3 Solitary and Cnoidal Waves
16.4 Dispersion and Waves
16.4.1 Derivation of the Group Velocity Through the Method of Multiple Scales
16.5 Integrability, Chaos and the Inverse Scattering Method
16.6 Low Order Spectral Truncation (LOST)
16.7 Nonlinear Equatorial Kelvin Waves
16.7.1 Physics of the One-Dimensional Advection (ODA) Equation: ut + cux + buux = 0
16.7.2 Post-Breaking: Overturning, Taylor Shock or “Soliton Clusters”?
16.7.3 Viscous Regularization of Kelvin Fronts: Burgers’ Equation And Matched Asymptotic Perturbation Theory
16.8 Kelvin-Gravity Wave Shortwave Resonance: Curving Fronts and Undulations
16.9 Kelvin Solitary and Cnoidal Waves
16.10 Corner Waves and the Cnoidal-Corner-Breaking Scenario
16.11 Rossby Solitary Waves
16.12 Antisymmetr
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