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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 70 (1970), S. 313-321 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung der ionalen Zusammensetzung des Blutes von Hirudo ergab, daß Nitrat, Phosphat und Sulfat als Anionen mengenmäßig keine Rolle spielen. Dagegen konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß ein großer Teil der Anionen aus Citrat, Fumarat, Lactat und Succinat besteht. Die Proteinkonzentration im Blut von Hirudo beträgt 110 g/l.
    Notes: Summary The following anions were determined in the blood of the leech: nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, citrate, fumarate, lactate, and succinate. The inorganic anions are of negligible importance in cation binding. The sum of the organic anions and chloride balances approximately the sum of the cations. The protein concentration amounts to 110 g/l.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 51 (1965), S. 25-48 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By means of a modified micropunction technique the concentration of chloride ions in different sections of the earthworm nephridium was determined. The concentration of chloride ions drops off in the investigated sections of the tubule as the bladder is approached. The findings of Ramsay (1949/II) were verified. After insertion of a solution of a known concentration of sodium and chloride ions into an oil filled tubule, samples were removed at different intervals to determine the rate of concentration change until equilibrium was reached (stopped flow technique). The equilibrium concentrations of sodium and chloride ions lie in the same range, though with a higher average, than the values for Na+ and Cl- measured during free flow of urine. Because the volume of mannitol solution and NaCl solution remained unchanged after injection, it was concluded that the proximal section was at most very slightly permeable to water. Glass capillary microelectrodes were inserted at an oblique angle through the tubule wall into the lumen and out through the opposite wall. Average difference of potential between the interior of the wall cells lies at -73 mV with respect to the outside medium. The transtubular potential lies at -11 mV. Calculations from the electrochemical potential difference at equilibrium yielded an active transport potential of E Na = -20 mV for sodium and E Cl = -3 mV for chloride. It was therefor concluded that the transport of sodium is active and of chloride passive. The rate of sodium net flux was calculated from the initial concentration changes at constant volume: $$\begin{gathered} \Phi {\rm N}a_a = 0,91 \cdot 10^{ - 5} \mu eq/mm^2 \cdot \sec \hfill \\ \Phi {\rm N}a_i = 0,98 \cdot 10^{ - 5} \mu eq/mm^2 \cdot \sec \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Mit Hilfe einer modifizierten Punktionstechnik wurde die Chlorionenkonzentration in verschiedenen Abschnitten des Regenwurmnephridiums bestimmt. Die Chlorionenkonzentration nimmt in den untersuchten Kanalabschnitten zur Blase hin ab; die Befunde Ramsays konnten bestätigt werden. 2. Am proximalen Teil des weiten Kanals wurde unter Anwendung der stopped flow Technik die zeitliche Einstellung der Gleichgewichtskonzentration von Natrium und Chlorid gemessen. Die Gleichgewichtskonzentrationen von Natrium und Chlorid liegen im oberen Streubereich der bei freiem Fluß gemessenen Na+- und Cl--Konzentrationen. 3. An Hand der Volumenkonstanz der injizierten isoosmotischen Mannitlösung und NaCl-Lösung wurde festgestellt, daß der Abschnitt wenig oder gar nicht wasserpermeabel ist. 4. Elektrische Potentialmessungen mit Glaskapillarelektroden ergaben Potentialprofile, die fortlaufende Potentialänderungen beim schrägen Durchstechen des Tubulus darstellen. Das transzelluläre Potential wurde im Mittel mit -73 mV bestimmt, das transtubuläre Potential im Mittel mit -11 mV. 5. Die Berechnung der elektrochemischen Potentialdifferenz im Gleichgewicht ergab ein E Na = -20 mV und ein E Cl = -3 mV. Demnach erfolgt der Natriumaustransport aktiv und der Chloridaustransport passiv. 6. Die Natriumflußrate berechnet sich bei konstantem Volumen aus der initialen Konzentrationsänderung mit $$\begin{gathered} \Phi {\rm N}a_a = 0,91 \cdot 10^{ - 5} \mu \ddot Aq/mm^2 \cdot \sec \hfill \\ \Phi {\rm N}a_i = 0,98 \cdot 10^{ - 5} \mu \ddot Aq/mm^2 \cdot \sec \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 57 (1968), S. 348-375 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Hirudo medicinalis in Süßwasser und verschiedenen Seewasserverdünnungen wurden einige wichtige Kennwerte (zum Teil auch als Funktion der Zeit) zur Osmo- und Volumenregulation bestimmt. 1. Die osmotische Konzentration des Blutes bei Tieren in Leitungswasser beträgt 202 mOsm/l, die Natriumkonzentration 125 mM/l und die Chloridkonzentration 36 mM/l. Ninhydrinpositive Substanzen sind als Anionen wahrscheinlich nur von untergeordneter Bedeutung. In hypertonischen Medien sind alle diese Konzentrationen erhöht (Hyperregulation) (Abb. 1, 2, 3). Adaptationszeit: 2–12 Wochen. 2. In Leitungswasser und im isotonischen Medium scheidet der Egel einen stark hypotonischen Urin aus. Im hypertonischen Medium ist die Harnkonzentration erhöht, wobei Natrium und Chlorid in etwa äquivalenten Mengen ausgeschieden werden und praktisch für die gesamte osmotische Konzentration des Harns verantwortlich sind. In Medien über 30% Seewasser (S.W.) steigt die Chloridkonzentration des Harns über die des Blutes (Abb. 1, 2, 3). Adaptationszeit 2–12 Wochen. 3. Der Harnfluβ beträgt bei Tieren in Leitungswasser 3–6 μl/hr · cm2 (Körperoberfläche), nimmt bereits in 10% S.W. um mehr als die Hälfte ab, und ist bei Tieren in 40% S.W. durch direkte Katheterisierung nicht mehr exakt meßbar (Abb. 5). Adaptationszeit mindestens 8 Wochen. 4. Die Untersuchung der zeitlichen Einstellung der osmotischen und Chloridkonzentration des Blutes nach Überführen in 40% S.W. ergab, daß die Blutkonzentration bereits 4–6 Std nach Mediumwechsel ihren neuen konstanten (höheren) Wert erreicht hat (Abb. 6). 5. Zur Erfassung der osmotisch bedingten Volumenänderung wurden die Tiere in Leitungswasser und nach Mediumwechsel regelmäßig gewogen. In Leitungswasser ist die Geschwindigkeit des Gewichtsverlustes konstant linear (stoffwechselbedingt). Nach Überführen in hypertonisches Medium tritt innerhalb weniger Stunden ein starker Gewichtsverlust ein (Simultanreaktion). Anschließend steigt das Gewicht erst schnell, dann langsamer wieder an (Stabilisierung), bis es nach 2–4 Wochen erneut mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit wieder abnimmt, wobei die Geschwindigkeit der Gewichtsabnahme geringer ist als zuvor. — Im isotonischen Medium erfolgt eine Volumenzunahme ohne vorangehenden Gewichtsverlust (Abb. 8, 9). 6. Auf Grund der Ergebnisse werden verschiedene Möglichkeiten zur Erklärung der isoosmotischen Volumenzunahme diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary In the leech (Hirudo medicinalis) osmo- and volume regulation were studied during and following exposure to solutions of different salinity. 1. In animals kept in tap water blood osmolarity was at 202 mOsm/l; blood chloride was surprisingly low — 36 mM/l as compared to 125 mM/l of sodium. In animals adapted to hypertonic media for at least two weeks blood osmolarity and concentrations of sodium and chloride were elevated (hyperregulation) (Figs. 1, 2, 3). 2. In tap water and isotonic media leeches excrete a strongly hypotonic urine. After adaptation to hypertonic media the urine is highly concentrated though always below blood osmolarity. Sodium and chloride ions are excreted in aequivalent amounts and account for almost all of the osmotic pressure observed (Figs. 1, 2, 3). 3. Urine is produced at a rate of 3–6 μl/hr·cm2 (body surface) in tap water. In animals adapted for at least 8 weeks to dilutions of sea water (S.W.), urine production was decreased — in 10% S.W. by more than half (Fig. 5). In 40% S.W. urine production could not be measured precisely by direct cannulation. 4. Changes of blood osmolarity followed during the first hours after transfer to 40% S.W. Adjustment to the new medium is attained within 4–6 hours (Fig. 6). 5. Leeches were weighed at frequent intervals while kept in tap water and after transfer to various dilutions of sea water. Weight loss in tap water (due to metabolism) is linear. Transfer to hypertonic media is followed by rapid weight loss (simultaneous reaction). Weight (volume) is gradually restored (stabilization) and within 2 to 4 weeks a new state of equilibrium is attained. — In isotonic medium the weight increases without prior weight loss (Figs. 8, 9). 6. Different possible mechanisms are discussed which might be responsible for the process of isosmotic volume regulation.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 66 (1970), S. 421-438 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ort und Mechanismus der Primärharnbildung bei Hirudo medicinalis wurde mit elektronenmikroskopischen und physiologischen Methoden untersucht. 1. Injektionen von Farblösung in das Canaliculisystem der Nephridien demonstrierten den Verlauf des Harnflusses im Nephridium: der Harn fließt aus den Canaliculi des Anfangs- und des Hauptlappens in die Canaliculi des inneren Lappens und von hier nacheinander in die Canaliculi des apikalen Lappens, durch den Zentralkanal und in die Blase. Der Primärharn wird wahrscheinlich in die Canaliculi aller Lappen gebildet. 2. Die Zellen der Nephridiallappen haben prinzipiell die gleiche Feinstruktur: basale Einfaltungen, dazwischen und im intermediären Plasma Mitochondrien, einen hohen Glykogengehalt und apikale Mikrovilli. 3. Im Endothel der Blutkapillaren wurden Fenster gefunden, die von einem geknöpften Diaphragma überspannt werden. 4. Ins Blut injiziertes Inulin wird nicht durch die Nephridien ausgeschieden. 5. Durch Mikropunktion und chemische Analyse der Punktionsproben konnten die osmotische Konzentration und die Chloridkonzentration im Primärharn bestimmt werden. Während die Chloridkonzentration im Primärharn gegenüber Blut stark erhöht ist, liegt die Osmolarität des Primärharns nur wenig über der des Blutes. 6. Es wird die Arbeitshypothese entwickelt, daß sich die Primärharnbildung in zwei Stufen vollzieht: I. Filtration aus dem Blut in das Bindegewebe; II. Sekretion durch die Nephridialzellen in die Canaliculi.
    Notes: Summary Localization and mechanism of the formation of primary urine in Hirudo medicinalis were investigated with electronmicroscopic and physiological methods. 1. The flow of urine from the place of origin to the bladder was demonstrated by injecting coloured fluid into the canaliculi of the nephridium. The urine, coming from the canaliculi of the initial lobe and main lobe, enters the canaliculi of the inner lobe. From there it runs through the canaliculi of the apical lobe into the central canal and then into the bladder (Fig. 2). Primary urine is probably formed in the canaliculi of all lobes. 2. The cells of the different nephridial lobes have essentially the same fine structure (Figs. 3–6): they show basal infoldings, mitochondria, a high content of glycogen, and microvilli at the luminal surface. They differ in the depth of the infoldings, the closeness of microvilli and content of vesicles. 3. The capillaries of the nephridium are fenestrated. The fenestrations are closed by a diaphragm with a central knob (Fig. 4). 4. Inulin is not excreted by the nephridia. 5. Micropuncture and chemical microanalysis of the samples have been used to determine the osmolarity and chloride concentration of canaliculi urine (Fig. 7). The osmolarity is only slightly elevated in primary urine, chloride, however, is much more concentrated than in blood. 6. It is suggested that primary urine is formed in two steps (Fig. 8): I. Filtration through endothelial pores into the connective tissue; II. Secretion by nephridial cells into the canaliculi.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 84 (1973), S. 185-204 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. BeiHirudo medicinalis wurde die Änderung und Anpassung des Salz-Wasser-Haushaltes nach Aufnahme von Fütterblut und Salzlösungen untersucht. 2. Die Resorption hyperosmotischer Salzlösungen aus dem Magen führt zu einer Erhöhung der Osmolarität des Egelblutes auf 285 mOs/l und der Chloridkonzentration auf 86 mOs/l sowie zu einer Erhöhung des Volumens (= Wassergehaltes) des Egelkörpers. Sie ist weitgehend unabhängig von den osmotischen und ionalen Gradienten zwischen den Kompartimenten Magen und Egel. 3. Die Füllung des Magens mit Blut und anderen Salzlösungen führt zu einer Diurese. Als auslösender Faktor für diese Diurese wird eine Erhöhung des Volumens im Kompartiment Egel vorgeschlagen. 4. Während der Einstellung des Salz-Wasser-Haushaltes auf ein neues dynamisches Gleichgewicht ist der Harnfluß gesteigert (maximal 9fach); auch die Salzausscheidung durch die Nephridien und die Haut ist vergrößert. Dadurch wird in 12–24 Std das aus dem Magen resorbierte Flüssigkeitsvolumen aus dem Egel wieder ausgeschieden und die Volumenerhöhung im Kompartiment Egel kompensiert. Gleichzeitig wird die Steigerung der Osmolarität und Chloridkonzentration des Egelblutes kompensiert und der Mageninhalt in Osmolarität und Chloridkonzentration dem Egelblnt angeglichen.
    Notes: Summary 1. The salt and water balance of the leech was investigated after the uptake of blood and other electrolyte solutions into the stomach. 2. Resorption of hyperosmotic salt solutions from the stomach increase the osmolarity of the leech blood to 285 mOs/l, the chloride concentration to 86 mM/l, and the water content (= body volume) of the leech. 3. The uptake of blood and other salt solutions into the stomach causes diuresis. It is proposed that diuresis is induced by the increase in body volume of the leech. 4. During the adjustment of the salt and water balance to a new steady state the flow of urine is increased (to a maximum of 9-fold) and the salt excretion by the nephridia and the skin is also increased. By this mechanism within 12–24 hours the fluid volume absorbed from the stomach is eliminated and the increased body volume and increased osmolarity and chloride concentration of the leech blood are normalized. At the same time the osmolarity and chloride concentration of the stomach content are adapted to those of the leech blood.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zoomorphology 64 (1969), S. 59-76 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The circulatory system of the leech Hirudo medicinalis was investigated by means of the latex method and in vivo experiments. For the first time the vascular configuration of the suckers and nephridia, and a unidirectional blood flow in all vessels are demonstrated.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 146 (1982), S. 75-79 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mechanisms underlying diuresis in the leech have been investigated. 1. The time course of the osmotic and ionic concentrations of the primary urine was measured after filling the crop with hypo- or hyperosmotic salt solutions. They were compared with data of blood and final urine, obtained earlier under the same conditions. 2. The strong diuresis after feeding is probably due to accelerating primary urine formation rather than to a decrease in reabsorption of primary urine volume. 3. The Na+ and K+ concentrations in the primary urine each show a distinct time course after hyper- or hypo-osmotic crop infusion. Cl− concentration always equals the sum of the Na+ and K+ concentrations. 4. Assuming that volume change between primary and final urine is negligible, it is calculated that primary urine secretion of Na+ is increased nearly 8 fold after hypo-osmotic crop infusion and 15 fold after hyperosmotic crop infusion, respectively, and secretion of K+ nearly 4 fold in both cases. Thus, during diuresis primary urine flow appears to be generated mainly by Na+-secretion. 5. The secretory rate of Na+, K+, and Cl− is not sensitive to the respective blood concentrations. 6. The percentage reabsorption of K+ is always higher than that of Na+. However, the percentage and real reabsorption of Na+ after hyperosmotic crop infusion is significantly lower than after hypo-osmotic crop infusion. 7. It is suggested that Na+ and K+ secretion and reabsorption are controlled by separate mechanisms.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 139 (1980), S. 97-102 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The time courses of the osmotic and ionic concentrations in three different compartments (crop, blood and final urine) of the leech were measured after filling the crop with hypo- or hyperosmotic salt solution. Flow rates of the final urine were followed under the same conditions. 2. Volume regulation is accomplished within several hours but salt excretion takes longer. 3. No correlation was observed between the osmotic and ionic concentrations of blood and final urine. 4. The results indicate that the mechanisms controlling urine volume are independent of those controlling urine concentration. 5. A possible mechanism of fluid absorption from the crop is discussed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 127 (1978), S. 343-347 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Raising the blood volume in leeches by blood transfusion from donor leeches resulted in temporarily increased urinary flow. Displacement of the blood within the leech by massage, produced temporarily increased urinary flow in segments with elevated blood volume and seemed to decrease urinary flow in segments with lowered blood volume. It is suggested that blood volume and body water homeostasis are controlled by a feed-back system.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 158 (1988), S. 553-557 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of increased fluid volume in the closed vascular system on circulation were studied in the leech (Hirudo medicinalis) by intravascular pressure recordings and blood flow measurements. Significant increases in blood volume were achieved by crop loading with hyposmotic (72 mOsmol·kg−1 H2O) or hyperosmotic (300 mOsmol·kg−1 H2O) salt solutions or by infusion of isosmotic saline (200 mOsmol·kg−1) into the vascular system. During the high-pressure (HIP) phase, which maintains the rear-to-front circulation, systolic blood pressure in the heart was not affected. An increase in systolic pressure in the heart was observed during the low-pressure (LOP) phase, which supplies the segmental circulation. Heart rate was not changed by crop loading with hyposmotic saline or by vascular infusion. Heart rate decreased after crop loading with hyperosmotic saline. Blood flow rate in the dorsal vessel was increased by crop loading with hyposmotic saline, but not after crop loading with hyperosmotic saline. In all cases the diameter of the dorsal vessel was not affected. A possible mechanism controlling blood pressure and blood flow in the vascular system is discussed.
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