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  • 1
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    Dinophysis Toxins: Distribution, Fate in Shellfish and Impacts (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Several species of Dinophysis produce one or two groups of lipophilic toxins: okadaic acid (OA) and its derivatives; or the dinophysistoxins (DTXs) (also known as diarrhetic shellfish poisons or DSP toxins) and pectenotoxins (PTXs). DSP toxins are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases, causing gastrointestinal intoxication in consumers of contaminated seafood. Forty years after the identification of Dinophysis as the causative agent of DSP in Japan, contamination of filter feeding shellfish exposed to Dinophysis blooms is recognized as a problem worldwide. DSP events affect public health and cause considerable losses to the shellfish industry. Costly monitoring programs are implemented in regions with relevant shellfish production to prevent these socioeconomic impacts. Harvest closures are enforced whenever toxin levels exceed regulatory limits (RLs). Dinophysis species are kleptoplastidic dinoflagellates; they feed on ciliates (Mesodinium genus) that have previously acquired plastids from cryptophycean (genera Teleaulax, Plagioselmis, and Geminigera) nanoflagellates. The interactions of Dinophysis with different prey regulate their growth and toxin production. When Dinophysis cells are ingested by shellfish, their toxins are partially biotransformed and bioaccumulated, rendering the shellfish unsuitable for human consumption. DSP toxins may also affect shellfish metabolism. This book covers diverse aspects of the abovementioned topics—from the laboratory culture of Dinophysis and the kinetics of uptake, transformation, and depuration of DSP toxins in shellfish to Dinophysis population dynamics, the monitoring and regulation of DSP toxins, and their impact on the shellfish industry in some of the aquaculture regions that are traditionally most affected, namely, northeastern Japan, western Europe, southern Chile, and New Zealand.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RA1190-1270 ; WitOMI analysis ; n/a ; DST accumulation ; mussel ; dinophysistoxins ; depuration ; human health ; pectenotoxins (PTXs) ; cryptophytes ; Mesodinium ; dinophysis ; compartmentalization ; resistance ; Japanese scallop ; surf clam ; HAB monitoring ; toxins ; organic matter ; OMI analysis ; PTXs ; time-series ; Diarrhetic shellfish toxins ; predator-prey preferences ; immunity ; okadaic acid ; physical–biological interactions ; defense ; digestion ; Dinophysis ; harmful algal blooms ; pectenotoxin ; El Niño Southern Oscillation ; lysate ; suspended particulate matter (SPM) ; D. caudata ; mixotrophic cultures ; Mytilus galloprovincialis ; bivalves ; diarrhetic shellfish poisoning ; biotransformation ; Mesodinium cf. rubrum ; RNA-Seq ; DST esterification ; Mesodinium rubrum ; statistical analysis ; seasonality ; mass culture conditions ; D. acuminata-complex ; Argopecten purpuratus ; harmful algal bloom ; pipis (Plebidonax deltoides) ; DTX-2 ; Reloncaví Fjord ; pectenotoxins ; deep sequencing ; climatic anomaly ; Brazil ; qPCR ; high throughput sequencing ; DSP ; accumulation ; LC/MS/MS ; Protoceratium reticulatum ; shellfish toxicity ; transcriptomic response ; New Zealand ; blooms ; trophic transfer ; metabolism ; bacterial community ; kinetics ; marine biotoxins ; diarrhetic shellfish toxins ; bivalve shellfish ; Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (DST) ; diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DST) ; Scotland ; Dinophysis acuminata ; DSP toxins ; toxin accumulation ; Southern Annual Mode ; Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning ; Dinophysis toxins ; OA ; marine toxins ; toxin vectors ; wild harvest ; Dinophysis acuta ; Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) ; Argopecten irradians ; dinophysistoxin ; Port Underwood ; aquaculture ; niche partitioning ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Genetic and demographic recovery of an isolated population of brown bearUrsus arctosL., 1758 (2016)
    PeerJ
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Description: The brown bearUrsus arctosL., 1758 population of the Cantabrian Mountains (northwestern Spain) became isolated from other bear populations in Europe about 500 years ago and has declined due to hunting and habitat degradation. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Cantabrian population split into eastern and western subpopulations, and genetic exchange between them ceased. In the early 1990s, total population size was estimated to be 〈 100 bears. Subsequently, reduction in human-caused mortality has brought about an increase in numbers, mainly in the western subpopulation, likely promoting male-mediated migration and gene flow from the western nucleus to the eastern. To evaluate the possible genetic recovery of the small and genetically depauperate eastern subpopulation, in 2013 and 2014 we genotyped hair and faeces samples (116 from the eastern subpopulation and 36 from the western) for 18 microsatellite markers. Data from the annual count of females with cubs of the year (COY) during the past twenty-six years was used to analyze demographic changes. The number of females with COY fell to a minimum of seven in the western and three in eastern subpopulations in the biennium 1993–1994 and reached a respective maximum of 54 and 10 individuals in 2013–2014. We also observed increased bear dispersal and gene flow, mainly from the western to the eastern subpopulation. Of the 26 unique genotypes detected in the eastern subpopulation, 14 (54%) presented an admixture composition, and seven (27%) were determined to be migrants from the western subpopulation. Hence, the two separated and clearly structured subpopulations identified in the past currently show some degree of genetic admixture. This research shows the partial demographic recovery and a change in genetic composition due to migration process in a population of bears that has been isolated for several centuries.
    Electronic ISSN: 2167-8359
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by PeerJ
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