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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does the brain know the physics of specular reflection? (1990)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 343 (1990), S. 165-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] According to ray optics, the virtual image of a light sourceá€"a specularityá€"is located in depth behind a glossy convex surface and, generally, in front of a concave surface (Fig. 1). But what the eye actually registers is not depth but 'relative disparity' ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/343165a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improbable views (1994)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 368 (1994), S. 498-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE problem of shape-from-shading analysis — estimating the relief of a visible surface from its pattern of light and shade in an image — has vexed researchers in vision for around 20 years1. From an experimental point of view, psychologists seem to disagree whether the human visual ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/368498a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Real-time seeing machines? (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 328 (1987), S. 759-760 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SINCE research into machine vision began, analysis of a single, still image has been quite enough to keep a computer busy for many minutes. Now the promise of ever-increasing computer power, especially with the coming parallel computers, encourages the belief that the rapid analysis of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/328759a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Probabilistic Exclusion Principle for Tracking Multiple Objects (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of computer vision 39 (2000), S. 57-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1405
    Keywords: partitioned sampling ; Monte Carlo ; particle filter ; tracking ; multiple objects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Tracking multiple targets is a challenging problem, especially when the targets are “identical”, in the sense that the same model is used to describe each target. In this case, simply instantiating several independent 1-body trackers is not an adequate solution, because the independent trackers tend to coalesce onto the best-fitting target. This paper presents an observation density for tracking which solves this problem by exhibiting a probabilistic exclusion principle. Exclusion arises naturally from a systematic derivation of the observation density, without relying on heuristics. Another important contribution of the paper is the presentation of partitioned sampling, a new sampling method for multiple object tracking. Partitioned sampling avoids the high computational load associated with fully coupled trackers, while retaining the desirable properties of coupling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008122218374
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface shape from the deformation of apparent contours (1992)
    Springer
    International journal of computer vision 9 (1992), S. 83-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1405
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The spatiotemporal analysis of deforming silhouettes (apparent contours) is here extended using the mathematics of perspective projections and tools from differential geometry. Analysis of the image motion of a silhouette or apparent contour enables computation of local surface curvature along the corresponding contour generator on the surface, assuming viewer motion is known. To perform the analysis, a spatiotemporal parameterization of image-curve motion is needed, but is underconstrained (a manifestation of the well-known aperture problem). It is shown that an epipolar parameterization is most naturally matched to the recovery of surface curvature. One immediate facility afforded by the analysis is that surface patches can be reconstructed in the vicinity of contour generators. Once surface curvature is known, it is possible to discriminate extremal contours from other fixed curves in space. Furthermore, the known robustness of parallax as a cue to depth extends to the case of surface curvature. Its derivative—rate of parallax—is shown theoretically to be a curvature cue that is robust to uncertainties in the known viewer motion. This robustness has been confirmed in experiments. Finally, the power of the new analysis for robotics applications is demonstrated. Illustrations are given of an Adept robot, equipped with a CCD camera, circumnavigating curved obstacles. When further equipped with a suction gripper the robot manipulator can pick up an object by its curved surface, under visual guidance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129682
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A framework for spatiotemporal control in the tracking of visual contours (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of computer vision 11 (1993), S. 127-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1405
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract There has been a great deal of research interest in contour tracking over the last five years. This article combines themes from tracking theory—elastic models and stochastic filtering—with the notion of affine invariance to synthesize a substantially new and demonstrably effective framework for contour tracking. A mechanism is developed for incorporating a shape template into a contour tracker via an affine invariant coupling. In that way the tracker becomes selective for shape and therefore able to ignore background clutter. Affine invariance ensures that the effect of varying viewpoint is accommodated. Use of a standard statistical filtering framework allows uncertainties to be treated systematically, which accommodates object flexibility and un-modeled distortions such as the deformation of a silhouette under motion. The statistical framework also facilitates a further development. In place of heuristically determined spatial scale for feature search, both spatial scale and temporal memory are controlled automatically and in a way that is responsive to the tracking process. Typically, the tracker operates initially in a coarse scale/short memory mode while it searches for a feature. Then spatial scale diminishes to allow more precise localization while memory (temporal scale) lengths to take advantage of motion coherence. All system parameters are determined by natural assumptions and desired tracking performance, leaving none to be fixed heuristically. Versions of the tracker have been implemented at video rate, both on SUN 4 and in parallel, using a network of 11 transputers. The theoretically established properties of automatic control of spatiotemporal scale and of affine invariance are demonstrated using the implemented tracker.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01469225
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Robust estimation of egomotion from normal flow (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of computer vision 13 (1994), S. 57-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1405
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the robustness of an algorithm due to Horn and Weldon (1988) for recovery of egomotion from optic-flow. Assuming only normal components of flow vectors are availableand that 3D angular velocity is known, tight constraints can be constructed on the direction of translational motion or, equivalently, on the focus of expansion. In practice however this is unacceptably restrictive. Some allowance must be made for uncertainty in angular velocity. We show that the algorithm can indeed be extended to cope with such uncertainty with graceful degradation in accuracy of estimated position of the focus of expansion. The shape of the error distribution depends on whether the focus of expansion is inside or outside the field of view. If it is inside, the error distribution is isotropic. As it moves outside the distribution becomes increasingly anisotropic. Results from an implementation of the algorithm confirm the validity of the error bounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420795
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CONDENSATION—Conditional Density Propagation for Visual Tracking (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of computer vision 29 (1998), S. 5-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1405
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The problem of tracking curves in dense visual clutter is challenging. Kalman filtering is inadequate because it is based on Gaussian densities which, being unimo dal, cannot represent simultaneous alternative hypotheses. The Condensation algorithm uses “factored sampling”, previously applied to the interpretation of static images, in which the probability distribution of possible interpretations is represented by a randomly generated set. Condensation uses learned dynamical models, together with visual observations, to propagate the random set over time. The result is highly robust tracking of agile motion. Notwithstanding the use of stochastic methods, the algorithm runs in near real-time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008078328650
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  • 9
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    Risks, Vol. 4, Pages 21: The Myth of Methuselah and the Uncertainty of Death: The Mortality Fan Charts (2016)
    MDPI
    In: Risks
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-05
    Description: This paper uses mortality fan charts to illustrate prospective future male mortality. These fan charts show both the most likely path of male mortality and the bands of uncertainty surrounding that path. The fan charts are based on a model of male mortality that is known to provide a good fit to UK mortality data. The fan charts suggest that there are clear limits to longevity—that future mortality rates are very uncertain and tend to become more uncertain the further ahead the forecast—and that forecasts of future mortality uncertainty must also take account of uncertainty in the parameters of the underlying mortality model.
    Electronic ISSN: 2227-9091
    Topics: Economics
    Published by MDPI
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  • 10
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    Computing lightness (1987)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0167-8655
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-7344
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Elsevier
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