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Root development of bermudagrass and tall fescue as affected by cutting interval and growth regulators (1990)

Beyrouty, C. A. ; West, C. P. ; Gbur, E. E.

Springer

Plant and soil 127 (1990), S. 23-30

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. ; Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ; mefluidide ; metsulfuron methyl ; minirhizotron ; root length ; root length density ; sulfometuron methyl

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to characterize changes in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) root development over time and with depth, and to determine the effects of defoliation interval and chemical seedhead suppression on root and shoot growth. Field plots were established on a fine-silty, mixed mesic Typic Fragiudult soil in Fayetteville, AR, USA, and each plot contained three minirhizotrons (plexiglass observation tubes) to a depth of 40 cm. Images of roots in 10-cm depth increments were periodically videorecorded, and total root length (RL) and root length density (RLD) were measured with a computer-interfaced tracing probe. Treatments consisted of two cutting intervals, 3 and 6 weeks, and two plant growth regulator (PGR) treatments, an untreated control and either 300 g ha-1 mefluidide on tall fescue in early spring of both years or 10 g ha-1 each of metsulfuron methyl (MSM) and sulfometuron methyl (SMM) applied in late May of both post-establishment years. Data were analyzed separately for the establishment period (planting to the first date of PGR application) and the subsequent post-establishment period. Bermulagrass exhibited a two-stage root establishment pattern characterized first by minimal root development in conjunction with stolon proliferation and soil surface colonization, followed by accumulation of total RL over two subsequent forage production seasons. There was a net accumulation of root mass during the winter dormancy period of 1986–87. Total RL of tall fescue peaked one and a half years after planting. Cutting interval had no influence on RL and RLD. Application of a PGR did not affect RL but did alter RLD of both species. Application of mefluidide to tall fescue stimulated RLD 64 days after application, whereas bermudagrass RLD was retarded by MSM and SMM up to 50 days after application. Trends in root growth did not closely follow patterns of shoot growth.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010833

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Root growth and distribution of two short-season rice genotypes (1990)

Slaton, N. A. ; Beyrouty, C. A. ; Wells, B. R. ; [et al.]

Springer

Plant and soil 121 (1990), S. 269-278

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: growth stage ; rice genotypes ; root growth rates ; root length ; root length density

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Root growth dynamics of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) throughout the growing season are poorly understood. A field experiment was conducted in 1987 to compare root growth and distribution of two rice genotypes at two Arkansas locations on soils with different physical and chemical properties. Two genotypes, ‘Bond’ and an experimental line (RU8701084), were grown on a Captina silt loam (Typic Fragiudults) at Fayetteville, AR, and on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualfs) near Stuttgart, Ar. Plots contained minirhizotrons oriented at a 45° angle and extended 55 cm (Captina) and 40 cm (Crowley) vertical to the soil surface. Root measurements were taken several times during the season at specific growth stages. Plant height and tiller number were taken at 9 dates at Fayetteville up to physiological maturity. In general, root length (RL) and root length density (RLD) were greater on the Captina soil. Genotypes at both locations reached maximum root growth rates between active tillering and panicle initiation (PI) and maximum RL by early reproduction. Total RL were similar between genotypes on the Captina. However on the Crowley, the mean RL for Bond between the period of early booting and flood removal was an average of 54% greater than for RU8701084. During early reproductive growth at both locations RL plateaued, but then declined during the grain filling process. There was a trend for RU8701084 to contain a greater percentage of its total RL in the top 20 and 10 cm of soil on the Captina and Crowley, respectively, while Bond tended to be a deeper rooted genotype. Bond had a greater RLD at the 20–30 cm depth increment on the Crowley, which contributed to the greater RL. Less than 15% of the total RL of either genotype was measured below 30 cm on the Crowley. In contrast, nearly 25% of the total RL was found at the 30–40 cm depth increment on the Captina. Results showed that rice root growth varied between soils, that root distribution patterns differed between genotypes, and that patterns of root growth changed with changes in plant development.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012320

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Root growth and distribution of two short-season rice genotypes (1990)

Slaton, N. A. ; Beyrouty, C. A. ; Wells, B. R. ; [et al.]

Springer

Plant and soil 122 (1990), S. 269-278

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: growth stage ; rice genotypes ; root growth rates ; root length ; root length density

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Root growth dynamics of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) throughout the growing season are poorly understood. A field experiment was conducted in 1987 to compare root growth and distribution of two rice genotypes at two Arkansas locations on soils with different physical and chemical properties. Two genotypes, ‘Bond’ and an experimental line (RU8701084), were grown on a Captina silt loam (Typic Fragiudults) at Fayetteville, AR, and on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualfs) near Stuttgart, Ar. Plots contained minirhizotrons oriented at a 45° angle and extended 55 cm (Captina) and 40 cm (Crowley) vertical to the soil surface. Root measurements were taken several times during the season at specific growth stages. Plant height and tiller number were taken at 9 dates at Fayetteville up to physiological maturity. In general, root length (RL) and root length density (RLD) were greater on the Captina soil. Genotypes at both locations reached maximum root growth rates between active tillering and panicle initiation (PI) and maximum RL by early reproduction. Total RL were similar between genotypes on the Captina. However on the Crowley, the mean RL for Bond between the period of early booting and flood removal was an average of 54% greater than for RU8701084. During early reproductive growth at both locations RL plateaued, but then declined during the grain filling process. There was a trend for RU8701084 to contain a greater percentage of its total RL in the top 20 and 10 cm of soil on the Captina and Crowley, respectively, while Bond tended to be a deeper rooted genotype. Bond had a greater RLD at the 20–30 cm depth increment on the Crowley, which contributed to the greater RL. Less than 15% of the total RL of either genotype was measured below 30 cm on the Crowley. In contrast, nearly 25% of the total RL was found at the 30–40 cm depth increment on the Captina. Results showed that rice root growth varied between soils, that root distribution patterns differed between genotypes, and that patterns of root growth changed with changes in plant development.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02444241

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4

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The porous-membrane technique for root studies of field-grown crops (1989)

Beyrouty, C. A. ; Oosterhuis, D. M.

Springer

Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 265-271

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: field crops ; plant nutrition ; porous membrane technique ; root characterization ; root elongation ; root growth

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract A porous-membrane technique has been successfully used in root studies of field-grown soybean,Glycine max L. Merr., for several years. In order to evaluate this technique on other crops, a study was conducted to compare growth parameters of individual soybean, cotton,Gossypium hirsutum L., and corn,Zea mays L., plants grown with and without their root systems confined within porous membranes. Results indicate that plant species respond differently to root confinement. Root confinement reduced all shoot growth and yield parameters of the crop species, however the reduction was generally greatest for cotton. Apparently, cotton is less adaptable to the restricted rooting volume. Root confinement reduced levels of potassium and phosphorus in soybean and nitrogen in corn and cotton. Fertilizer rates higher than soil test recommendations should be applied to membrane-grown plants to prevent reductions in nutrient levels. It may be possible that modifying the size or shape of the membrane may enhance root and shoot growth of specific crop plants like cotton and increase the ability of this technique to be used on a broader spectrum of crop plants.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02214556

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5

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Rhizosphere microbial populations in contaminated soils (1997)

Nichols, T. D. ; Wolf, D. C. ; Rogers, H. B. ; [et al.]

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 165-178

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Keywords: bioremediation ; phytoremediation ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; petroleum

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract Rhizosphere microbial populations may increase bioremediation of soil contaminated with organic chemicals. A growth chamber study was conducted to evaluate rhizosphere microbial populations in contaminated and non-contaminated soil. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and alpine bluegrass (Poa alpina L.) were grown in soil containing a mixture of organic chemicals for 14 weeks. The equal millimolar mixture of hexadecane, (2,2-dimethylpropyl)benzene, cis-decahydronaphthalene (decalin), benzoic acid, phenanthrene, and pyrene was added at levels of 0 and 2000 mg/kg. Organic chemical degrader (OCD) populations were assessed by a Most-Probable-Number technique, and bacteria and fungi were enumerated by plate count methods. Different methods for expressing OCD rhizosphere populations were investigated to determine the effect it had on interpretation of the results. At 9 weeks, the OCD numbers were significantly higher in rhizosphere and contaminated soils than in bulk and non-contaminated soils, respectively. Alfalfa rhizosphere OCD levels were 4 × 107/g for contaminated and 6 × 106/g for non-contaminated soils. Bluegrass rhizosphere OCD levels were 1 × 107/g and 1 × 106/g in contaminated and non-contaminated soils, respectively. Selective enrichment of OCD populations was observed in contaminated rhizosphere soil. Higher numbers of OCD in contaminated rhizospheres suggest potential stimulation of bioremediation around plant roots.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406163

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RHIZOSPHERE MICROBIAL POPULATIONS IN CONTAMINATED SOILS (1997)

NICHOLS, T. D. ; WOLF, D. C. ; ROGERS, H. B. ; [et al.]

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 165-178

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Keywords: bioremediation ; phytoremediation ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; petroleum

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract Rhizosphere microbial populations may increase bioremediation of soil contaminated with organic chemicals. A growth chamber study was conducted to evaluate rhizosphere microbial populations in contaminated and non-contaminated soil. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and alpine bluegrass (Poa alpina L.) were grown in soil containing a mixture of organic chemicals for 14 weeks. The equal millimolar mixture of hexadecane, (2,2-dimethyl-propyl)-benzene, cis-decahydronaphthalene (decalin), benzoic acid, phenanthrene, and pyrene was added at levels of 0 and 2000 mg/kg. Organic chemical degrader (OCD) populations were assessed by a Most-Probable-Number technique, and bacteria and fungi were enumerated by plate count methods. Different methods for expressing OCD rhizosphere populations were investigated to determine the effect it had on interpretation of the results. At 9 weeks, the OCD numbers were significantly higher in rhizosphere and contaminated soils than in bulk and non-contaminated soils, respectively. Alfalfa rhizosphere OCD levels were 4 × 107/g for contaminated and 6 × 106/g for non-contaminated soils. Bluegrass rhizosphere OCD levels were 1 × 107/g and 1 × 106/g in contaminated and non-contaminated soils, respectively. Selective enrichment of OCD populations was observed in contaminated rhizosphere soil. Higher numbers of OCD in contaminated rhizospheres suggest potential stimulation of bioremediation around plant roots.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026403923435

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