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Chicory Effects on Lamb Weight Gain and Rate of In Vitro Organic Matter and Fiber Disappearance (1999)

Turner, Kenneth E. ; Belesky, David P. ; Fedders, James M.

Springer

Semigroup forum 91 (1999), S. 445-450

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ISSN: 1432-2137

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Mathematics

Notes: Cichorium intybus L.; CHIC) as a component of hill-land pastures in Appalachia. In 1995, lamb (Ovis aries) gain was 56.1 kg ha-1 on orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.; OG), while those grazing OG + CHIC lost 24.2 kg ha-1 during the 44-d midsummer grazing period (P 〈 0.05). In 1996, while weight gains were not different (P 〉 0.10), total lamb production per hectare was 14% less on OG + CHIC (258 kg ha-1) than on OG only (300 kg ha-1) for the 79-d grazing period. In 1997, total weight gained for the season was not different (P 〉 0.10); lambs grazed OG or CHIC for 110 d and production was 362 and 351 kg ha-1, respectively. Laboratory mixtures of 40∝60 or 60∝40 OG∝CHIC had higher (P & lt: 0.05) in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD), compared with 100% OG or 100% CHIC. There was a synergism in mixtures with orchardgrass that increased IVOMD relative to pure samples. Another laboratory experiment suggested that as total N increased in chicory herbage, rate of in vitro neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) disappearance decreased. More information on the influence of soil type and management on chicory growth in pure stands and mixtures with other plant species is needed to optimize productivity of systems that include chicory.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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Influence of Nitrogen on Productivity and Nutritive Value of Forage Chicory (2000)

Belesky, David P. ; Turner, Kenneth E. ; Ruckle, Joyce M.

Springer

Semigroup forum 92 (2000), S. 472-478

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ISSN: 1432-2137

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Mathematics

Notes: Cichorium intybus L.) is highly productive and responsive to N fertilization under midsummer conditions in the eastern USA. We conducted a field experiment for 3 yr on a Ramsey soil (loamy, siliceous, subactive, mesic Lithic Dystrudept) in southern West Virginia to determine if fertilizer N influenced forage chicory nutritive value and NO3–N concentration. Each N rate (0, 80, 160, 240, or 480 kg N ha−1) was replicated three times in a randomized block design. Swards were clipped at 6-wk intervals during the growing season. Swards were virtually pure chicory in the first year (1994) regardless of N rate. By the third year (1996), chicory ranged from about 40% (0 N) to less than 5% (480 kg N ha−1) of swards. Botanical composition changes in the sward influenced dry matter (DM) response to N rate and herbage nutritive value. Dry matter production increased with N rate in 1994, but was not affected by N in 1996 when chicory was not a major sward component. More than 70% of total annual DM production in 1994 occurred after the first harvest, but by 1996 was less than 50%, reflecting productivity patterns typical of cool-season swards. Nitrate concentrations in herbage were greatest (3.5 g kg−1) in 1995, a relatively dry year, and least (2.3 g kg−1) in 1996, when there was less chicory in the sward. Crude protein (CP) and in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD) values indicated high forage quality throughout the course of the experiment.

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URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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Productivity, Botanical Composition, and Nutrivitive Value of Swards Including Forage Chicory (1999)

Belesky, David P. ; Fedders, James M. ; Turner, Kenneth E. ; [et al.]

Springer

Semigroup forum 91 (1999), S. 450-456

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ISSN: 1432-2137

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Mathematics

Notes: Cichorium intybus L.) are productive and responsive to N fertilization in the eastern USA. We conducted a field experiment for 3 yr to investigate productivity and nutritive value of swards including chicory, orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) as a function of clipping frequency (3- and 6-wk intervals). Each treatment was replicated three times on an upland site of Dekalb series soil (loamy-skeletal, mixed, subactive, mesic Typic Dystrochrept). Modest rates of N, P, and K were applied annually. Herbage mass, botanical composition, in vitro organic matter, disappearance (IVOMD), and crude protein (CP) were determined. Cumulative herbage yield was not influenced by initial sward composition with chicory, chicory-orchardgrass, and chicory-orchardgrass-trefoil averaging 6.8 Mg ha-1 during a growing season. Clipping frequency influenced yield with canopies clipped at 6-wk intervals producing 26% more herbage than those clipped at 3-wk intervals. Growth rates of canopies clipped at 6-wk intervals averaged 51 kg ha-1 d-1 early in the growing season, suggesting that swards including chicory would be responsive to nutrient inputs and where rapid herbage regrowth and nutrient use by the growing crop are needed. Chicory declined in swards with time, regardless of initial sward composition or clipping frequency. Fluctuations in IVOMD and CP were related to changes in sward composition arising from the interaction of time and clipping frequency. Including orchardgrass and trefoil retarded invasion of less desirable species and so provided a means to control overall sward productivity and herbage composition.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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Evidence for chemical changes on the root surface of tall fescue in response to infection with the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum (1998)

Malinowski, Dariusz P. ; Alloush, Ghiath A. ; Belesky, David P.

Springer

Plant and soil 205 (1998), S. 1-12

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: endophyte ; Festuca arundinacea ; Neotyphodium coenophialum ; phenolics ; phosphorus ; root activity ; tall fescue

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) plants grown in phosphorus (P) deficient soils accumulate more P in roots and shoots than noninfected isolines. In a growth chamber experiment, four tall fescue genotypes DN2, DN4, DN7, and DN11, infected with their naturally occurring strains of Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones & Gams) Glenn, Bacon & Hanlin, and their noninfected isolines (E-), were cultivated in nutrient solution at two P levels: 31 ppm (P+) and 0 ppm (P-) for 4 wk. The Fe3+ reducing activity of extracellular reductants and intact root tissues, and total phenolic concentration in roots and shoots were measured. Endophyte infection significantly increased Fe3+ reducing activity rate of extracellular reductants (9.6 × 10-3 μmol Fe3+ h-1 g-1 root FW) when compared to E- plants (3.9 × 10-3) and Fe3+ reduction rate of intact root tissues (6.16 and 4.48 μmol Fe3+ h-1 g-1 root FW, respectively for E+ and E- plants). In response to P deficiency, Fe3+ reduction rate of intact root tissues increased in E+ plants by 375% when compared to E- plants, whereas no significant differences were observed when P was provided. Total phenolic concentration was 20% greater in shoots of E+ plants than in E- plants. In response to P deficiency, total phenolic concentration significantly increased in roots of E+ plants by 7%, and decreased in roots of E- plants by 10%. The most active Fe3+ reducing zones were located along branching of secondary and tertiary roots. The Fe3+ reducing activity on the root surface and total phenolic concentration in roots and shoots increased dramatically in response to endophyte infection, especially under P limiting conditions.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004331932018

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Leaf endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum modifies mineral uptake in tall fescue (2000)

Malinowski, Dariusz P. ; Alloush, Ghiath A. ; Belesky, David P.

Springer

Plant and soil 227 (2000), S. 115-126

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: endophyte ; mineral nutrition ; Neotyphodium coenophialum ; phosphorus ; tall fescue

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones and Gams) Glenn, Bacon and Hanlin, a fungal endophyte found primarily in shoots of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb.), can modify rhizosphere activity in response to phosphorus (P) deficiency. In a controlled environment experiment, two cloned tall fescue genotypes (DN2 and DN4) free (E-) and infected (E+) with their naturally occurring endophyte strains were grown in nutrient solutions at low P (3.1 ppm) or high P (31 ppm) concentrations for 21 d. Endophyte infection increased root dry matter (DM) of DN4 by 21% but did not affect root DM of DN2. Under P deficiency, shoot and total DM were not affected by endophyte but relative growth rate was greater in E+ than E- plants. In high P nutrient solution, E+ plants produced 13% less (DN2) or 29% more (DN4) shoot DM than E- plants. Endophyte affected mineral concentrations in roots more than in shoots. Regardless of P concentration in nutrient solution, E+ DN2 accumulated more P, Ca, Zn and Cu but less K in roots than E- plants. When grown in high P nutrient solution, concentrations of Fe and B in roots of E+ DN2 plants were reduced compared with those of E- plants. Concentrations of P, Ca and Cu in roots of DN4 were less, but K was greater in E+ than E- plants. In shoots, E+ DN2 had greater concentrations of Fe and Cu than E- DN2, regardless of P concentration in nutrient solution. Genotype DN4 responded to endophyte infection by reducing B concentration in shoots. Nutrient uptake rates were affected by endophyte infection in plants grown in low P nutrient solution. A greater uptake rate of most nutrients and their transport to shoots was observed in DN2, but responses of DN4 were not consistent. Results suggest that endophyte may elicit different modes of tall fescue adaptation to P deficiency.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026518828237

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Nitrogen and Defoliation Management: Effects on Yield and Nutritive Value of Flaccidgrass (1998)

Burns, Joseph C. ; Chamblee, Douglas S. ; Belesky, David P. ; [et al.]

Springer

Agronomy journal 90 (1998), S. 85-92

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ISSN: 1435-0645

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Pennisetum flaccidum Griseb.), a C_4 perennial grass, has shown high quality potential in animal trials. Its yield response to defoliation frequency and N fertilization, however, has not been reported. We examined the influence of stubble height and of a range of N applications in two defoliation experiments over 4 yr. Experiment 1 (Raleigh, NC) combined two harvest heights, 76 and 38 cm, with two stubble heights, 25 and 15 cm (76–25, 76--15, 38--25, 38--15); all treatments received 380 kg N ha-1 yr-1. After Year 1, the 76--15 defoliation produced higher yields than 76–25 (Year 2: 11 330 vs. 7930 kg ha-1, P〈0.001; Year 3: 8950 vs. 6270 g kg-1, P〈0.001), while in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) was similar (Year 3) (mean = 582 g kg-1). Compared with 38--15, the 38–8 defoliation resulted in lower yields (Year 2: 8638 vs. 9344 kg ha-1, P〈0.001; Year 3, 6173 vs. 8090 kg ha-1, P=0.07) but higher IVDMD (Year 3, 651 vs. 635 g kg-1, P〈0.01). Experiment 2 (Raleigh, NC, and Watkinsville, GA) had four defoliations: clipping to 5 cm at 20 and 51 cm (vegetative) and to 8 cm at boot and anthesis stages (20–5, 51–5, Boot–8, Anthesis–8). All defoliation treatments were topdressed with 291 kg N ha-1, and 51–5 and Boot–8 were also evaluated with 179 and 403 kg N ha-1 (eight N-defoliation treatments in all). At both locations, highest yields were obtained with Anthesis–8, averaging 19 010 kg ha-1 at Raleigh and 12 390 kg ha-1 at Watkinsville. The 20--5 defoliation resulted in lowest yields at both locations, averaging 7648 kg ha-1 at Raleigh and 5100 kg ha-1 at Watkinsville. Defoliation frequency altered IVDMD (range = 550 to 789 g kg-1), but N application did not; however, increasing N application increased N concentrations linearly (P=0.05). Flaccidgrass had high yield potential and high nutritive value at the Raleigh location, and warrants further evaluation in the upper South.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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