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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two high-density AFLP® linkage maps of Zea mays L.: analysis of distribution of AFLP markers (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 921-935 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Zea mays L. ; AFLP® ; Methylation AFLP® ; Genetic map ; DNA methylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  This study demonstrates the relative ease of generating high-density linkage maps using the AFLP® technology. Two high-density AFLP linkage maps of Zea mays L. were generated based on: (1) a B73 × Mo17 recombinant inbred population and (2) a D32 × D145 immortalized F2 population. Although AFLP technology is in essence a mono-allelic marker system, markers can be scored quantitatively and used to deduce zygosity. AFLP markers were generated using the enzyme combinations EcoRI/MseI and PstI/MseI. A total of 1539 and 1355 AFLP markers have been mapped in the two populations, respectively. Among the mapped PstI/MseIAFLP markers we have included fragments bounded by a methylated PstI site (mAFLP markers). Mapping these mAFLP markers shows that the presence of C-methylation segregates in perfect accordance with the primary target sequence, leading to Mendelian inheritance. Simultaneous mapping of PstI/MseIAFLP and PstI/MseI mAFLP markers allowed us to identify a number of epi-alleles, showing allelic variation in the CpNpG methylation only. However, their frequency in maize is low. Map comparison shows that, despite some rearrangements, most of the AFLP markers that are common in both populations, map at similar positions. This would indicate that AFLP markers are predominantly single-locus markers. Changes in map order occur mainly in marker-dense regions. These marker-dense regions, representing clusters of mainly EcoRI/MseI AFLP and PstI/MseI mAFLP markers, co- localize well with the putative centromeric regions of the maize chromosomes. In contrast, PstI/MseImarkers are more uniformly distributed over the genome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051399
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  • 2
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    Natural Variation of Heterokaryon Incompatibility Gene het-c in Podospora anserina Reveals Diversifying Selection (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-22
    Description: In filamentous fungi, allorecognition takes the form of heterokaryon incompatibility, a cell death reaction triggered when genetically distinct hyphae fuse. Heterokaryon incompatibility is controlled by specific loci termed het -loci. In this article, we analyzed the natural variation in one such fungal allorecognition determinant, the het-c heterokaryon incompatibility locus of the filamentous ascomycete Podospora anserina. The het-c locus determines an allogenic incompatibility reaction together with two unlinked loci termed het-d and het-e. Each het-c allele is incompatible with a specific subset of the het-d and het-e alleles. We analyzed variability at the het-c locus in a population of 110 individuals, and in additional isolates from various localities. We identified a total of 11 het-c alleles, which define 7 distinct incompatibility specificity classes in combination with the known het-d and het-e alleles. We found that the het-c allorecognition gene of P. anserina is under diversifying selection. We find a highly unequal allele distribution of het-c in the population, which contrasts with the more balanced distribution of functional groups of het-c based on their allorecognition function. One explanation for the observed het-c diversity in the population is its function in allorecognition. However, alleles that are most efficient in allorecognition are rare. An alternative and not exclusive explanation for the observed diversity is that het-c is involved in pathogen recognition. In Arabidopsis thaliana , a homolog of het-c is a pathogen effector target, supporting this hypothesis. We hypothesize that the het-c diversity in P. anserina results from both its functions in pathogen-defense, and allorecognition.
    Print ISSN: 0737-4038
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    Regular bottlenecks and restrictions to somatic fusion prevent the accumulation of mitochondrial defects in Neurospora (2014)
    The Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-05
    Description: The replication and segregation of multi-copy mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are not under strict control of the nuclear DNA. Within-cell selection may thus favour variants with an intracellular selective advantage but a detrimental effect on cell fitness. High relatedness among the mtDNA variants of an individual is predicted to disfavour such deleterious selfish genetic elements, but experimental evidence for this hypothesis is scarce. We studied the effect of mtDNA relatedness on the opportunities for suppressive mtDNA variants in the fungus Neurospora carrying the mitochondrial mutator plasmid pKALILO. During growth, this plasmid integrates into the mitochondrial genome, generating suppressive mtDNA variants. These mtDNA variants gradually replace the wild-type mtDNA, ultimately culminating in growth arrest and death. We show that regular sequestration of mtDNA variation is required for effective selection against suppressive mtDNA variants. First, bottlenecks in the number of mtDNA copies from which a ‘ Kalilo ’ culture started significantly increased the maximum lifespan and variation in lifespan among cultures. Second, restrictions to somatic fusion among fungal individuals, either by using anastomosis-deficient mutants or by generating allotype diversity, prevented the accumulation of suppressive mtDNA variants. We discuss the implications of these results for the somatic accumulation of mitochondrial defects during ageing.
    Print ISSN: 0962-8436
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-2970
    Topics: Biology
    Published by The Royal Society
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