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  • 1
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In football (soccer), a player is ‘offside’ if he or she is closer to the goal than the last defender (excluding the goalkeeper) when the ball is passed to them. We investigated why assistant referees, who have the responsibility of judging offside, regularly make mistakes. We ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 14 (1992), S. 293-311 
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cassava plants exude phloem saps at the base of the petioles of the youngest leaves. The effect of these nutrient-rich droplets on the interaction between the predatory miteTyphlodromalus limonicus and the herbivorous miteMononychellus tanajoa was investigated in a semi-field setting. These two organisms were chosen as a model system due to their strong association with cassava. The hypothesis that exudate production can be considered in terms of extrinsic defense was tested experimentally. Because non-producing clones could not be found exudate production was mimicked (or not) by applying honey droplets on the petioles of plants from which exuding plant parts were aborted. The experiments indicated that: (1) The presence of exudate on otherwise clean plants does not prevent extinction of the predator population, but the rate of population decrease is consistently lower than when no exudate is present. (2) When a second food source enables the predators to reproduce, higher population densities are always attained when the sugar source is also present. (3) Higher predator numbers invariably coincide with lower herbivore abundance. (4) Lower prey abundance does not lead to a reduction in egg production when honey is present. (5) Presence of honey leads to enhanced juvenile/adult survival or reduced emigration and thus to a higher number of female predators. In interpreting the results careful attention was paid to the effect of cassava mildew because spores of this fungus were shown to be an adequate food alternative for the predator under study. The presence of this mildew (Oidium manihoti) hampered straightforward interpretation of some experiments but left the main conclusions unaltered.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 17 (1993), S. 97-113 
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In South America, phytophagous cassava mite populations reach high densities during the dry season but occur in low numbers during the rainy season. Some of their phytoseiid predators, however, show the reverse pattern. We test the hypothesis that this different seasonal phenology can be attributed to distinct saturation deficit tolerance spectra. Eggs of various species c.q. strains of phytoseiids, orginating from different climate zones, were screened for their tolerance to a range of saturation deficits and compared with the tolerance spectrum of tetranychid species collected from cassava. In total 19 species/strains of predatory mites were compared with six tetranychid species. The response curves for all predators were sigmoidal with a narrow and specific region of saturation deficits where egg hatch success fell from 100% to 0%. Using probit analysis this region was characterized by the SD50, the saturation deficit at which only 50% of the eggs hatch. The response curves for the herbivores were trapezoid. In contrast to the phytoseiids the latter do not differ in the range of saturation deficits tolerated, but in the magnitude of the response. It appeared that inter-strain differences in the Phytoseiidae are sometimes larger than interspecific differences. We demonstrate that there is a significant correlation between population-specific SD50-values and long term average relative humidity in the collection site. The implications of this finding are discussed in terms of condition specific competition.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 17 (1993), S. 161-169 
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two methods recommended by the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC) to test the side-effect of pesticide residues on Phytoseiulus persimilis in the laboratory were evaluated. The test on detached leaves resulted in an unacceptably high percentage of escaping individuals. This was not the case when the tests were performed in ventilated glass cages. To validate the results obtained in the laboratory additional experiments were performed on intact plants in the greenhouse. Results obtained on detached leaves underestimate effects found in the greenhouse, whereas effects measured in the glass cages are an overestimation. Besides the effect of residue on juvenile survival and adult reproduction, ovicidal effects and the effect of direct contact for adults and eggs were also taken into account in the evaluation. All tests were performed with endosulfan. It is concluded that the use of this compound at the recommended field concentration is not compatible with the use of P. persimilis.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 16 (1992), S. 203-225 
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It has been proposed from behavioural observations that the ability of Phytoseiidae to penetrate the web is related to chaetotaxy. As phytoseiid species differ widely in chaetotaxy, as well as in their ability to cope with complex webs, this hypothesis was tested by studying relations between these two variables. In this paper we develop a simple method to quantify the degree to which the soma is protected from contact with the silk and apply it to phytoseiid species for which behavioural performance in the web is known from the literature. It is found that the better protected species experience less hinder from complex webs, such as produced byTetranychus spp. Moreover, they appear to be more successful in exterminating local populations ofTetranychus spp. Thus, setal patterns in the Phytoseiidae may well be a good indicator for selecting candidates for biological control ofTetranychus spp. Finally, we propose a parsimonious scenario for the evolution of dorsal chaetotaxy in the Phytoseiidae.
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  • 6
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    Edward Elgar Publishing | Edward Elgar Publishing
    Publication Date: 2023-03-22
    Description: This chapter argues that social movement organizations (SMOs) are relevant actors in the sustainability transition. It presents strategies, success factors and challenges of sustainability SMOs, emphasizing their agency in mobilizing collective action to achieve sustainability goals. We discuss different strategies (aimed at collaboration, confrontation, or prefiguration), organizational forms (characterized by different degrees of organizing) and outcomes (at organizational, community and societal levels) of SMOs. We then illustrate our take of the literature on sustainability SMOs using the recent example of Extinction Rebellion that one of us investigated through participant observation. We conclude with a few avenues for future research, including digital and transnational movements, their potential to transform dominant neoliberal narratives, and the role of academic agency for sustainable organizing.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Sustainability agency ; Change agent ; Transition agent ; Environmental activism ; Social movement ; Social entrepreneurship ; RNU ; KJG ; KJR ; GBC
    Language: English
    Format: image/jpeg
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract An approach is presented to determine groundwater flow in unconsolidated aquifers with a heat pulse response test using a heating cable and a fiber‐optic cable. The cables are installed together using direct push so that the cables are in direct contact with the aquifer. The temperature response is measured for multiple days along the fiber‐optic cable with Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS). The new approach fits a two‐dimensional analytical solution to the temperature measurements, so that the specific discharge can be estimated without knowledge of the position of the fiber‐optic cable relative to the heating cable. Two case studies are presented. The first case study is at a managed aquifer recharge system where fiber‐optic cables are inserted 15 m deep at various locations to test the fitting procedure. Similar and relatively large specific discharges are found at the different locations with little vertical variation (0.4–0.6 m/day). The second case study is at a polder, where the water level is maintained 2 m below the surrounding lakes, resulting in significant groundwater flow. The heating and fiber‐optic cables are inserted to a depth of 45 m. The specific discharge varies 0.07–0.1 m/day and is significantly larger in a thin layer at 30‐m depth. It is shown with numerical experiments that the estimated specific discharge is smoother than in reality due to vertical conduction, but the peak specific discharge is estimated correctly for layers thicker than ∼1.5 m.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2020-04-03
    Description: Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) have deployed various strategies in motivating businesses to source sustainably, such as the co-development and promotion of sustainability certification and direct collaboration in cross-sector partnerships (CSPs). This is an important current-day priority, given the ambitions set out in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and SDG 17 in particular. Increasingly, NPOs have taken up a role as conveners of such CSPs. Research on CSPs has, to date, often considered conveners as a ‘resource’ to the CSP, contributing to its effectiveness. In this study, we shift the focus towards the convener by considering a case of a ‘mission-driven convener’, an NPO that initiates CSPs as a strategy to realize its own sustainability objectives. Our explorative case study—comparing the NPO’s efforts across six countries in setting up national coffee platforms—reviews the concept of a mission-driven convener vis-à-vis established notions on convening and identifies which strategies it applies to realize a CSP. These strategies comprise productively combining certification-driven efforts with CSPs, combining process and outcomes of CSPs, and drawing on cross-level dynamics derived from outsourcing of convening work to local actors. With our study, we contribute to research on CSP conveners by offering an alternative interpretation to the relation between the CSP and the convener, attributing more agency to the convener as a mission-driven organization. Strengthening our understanding of CSPs and conveners is an important means to advance the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Print ISSN: 0167-6369
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-2959
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2015-03-22
    Print ISSN: 1083-8155
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1642
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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