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QUALITY OF RUNOFF FROM MINNESOTA PEATLANDS: I. A CHARACTERIZATION (1983)

Clausen, John C. ; Brooks, Kenneth N.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0

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ISSN: 1752-1688

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography

Notes: The likelihood of expanded use of Minnesota's 3 million hectares of peatlands prompted the state to initiate a hydrologic study to characterize these groundwater-linked systems. Determining the quality of streamflow from these peatlands was an integral part of the study. Peatlands could be differentiated either on the basis of streamflow quality or on soil-vegetation characteristics. The quality of streamflow from 45 undisturbed peatlands was characterized by collecting samples five times in 1979-80 and analyzing them for 27 water quality characteristics. Runoff pH, specific conductance, alkalinity, calcium, and magnesium were used to classify the peatlands as bog, transition, or fen. Bog runoff was lower (α= 0.05) in pH, calcium, sodium, manganese, and ammonia nitrogen than fen runoff, but was higher in acidity, color, aluminum, humic and fulvic acid, and chemical oxygen demand than fen runoff. Bogs had more fibric peat of a lower pH than fens; fens exhibited tall woody shrubs which were virtually absent on bogs.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1983.tb02799.x

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2

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QUALITY OF RUNOFF FROM MINNESOTA PEATLANDS: II. A METHOD FOR ASSESSING MINING IMPACTS (1983)

Clausen, John C. ; Brooks, Kenneth N.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0

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ISSN: 1752-1688

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography

Notes: The impacts of milled peat mining on runoff quality in northern Minnesota were determined using a multiple watershed approach. The frequency distributions of water quality constituents were used to detect whether runoff from a mined bog differed from that of 15 unmined (control) bogs. Peat mining increased water temperature, suspended sediment, specific conductance and concentrations of acidity, iron, sodium, and nitrogen species, although drinking water standards were not exceeded (α= 0.05). The method presented may be applicable for other nonpoint pollution investigations.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1983.tb02800.x

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3

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CALIBRATING AND VERIFYING THE SSARR MODEL -MISSOURI RIVER WATERSHEDS STUDY (1981)

Cundy, Terrance W. ; Brooks, Kenneth N.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Journal of the American Water Resources Association 17 (1981), S. 0

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ISSN: 1752-1688

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography

Notes: The Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation (SSARR) model was calibrated and verified on the Madison and Gallatin watersheds in the upper Missouri River drainage. The study was performed to determine if the SSARR model could simulate snowmelt-runoff volumes to effect better operation of six multipurpose reservoirs on the Missouri River. Physical watershed characteristics and parameter sensitivity are incorporated into a procedure which expedites model calibration. Criteria are established to facilitate parameter development and to objectively evaluate calibration and verification results. A ratio of simulated to observed snowmelt-runoff volumes of the Madison River averaged 1.00 and 1.02 for calibration (N = 8 years) and verification (N = 6 years) with corresponding standard deviations of 0.08 and 0.13. Gallatin volume ratios averaged 0.99 and 0.95 for calibration (N = 7 years) and verification (N = 5 years) with respective standard deviations of 0.08 and 0.28.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01297.x

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4

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PROTECTING BEIJLNG'S MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY THROUGH WATERSHED MANAGEMEN AN ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT (2001)

Shuhuai, Duan ; Zhihui, Geng ; Gregersen, Hans M. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37 (2001), S. 0

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ISSN: 1752-1688

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography

Notes: : Watersheds above the Miyun reservoir, a principal source of surface water for Beijing, are designated to be managed for water production, but under the principle of multiple use. Because of the scarcity of arable land, these watersheds cannot be managed only for drinking water. Efforts are under way to reduce sediment delivery, improve the quality of water entering Miyun reservoir, and improve the welfare of watershed inhabitants. An economic appraisal of a watershed management project for the 3,298-ha Shixia watershed above the Miyun reservoir, indicates a 24 percent economic rate of return on the investment made in the project. The net present value (NPV) of the project, calculated at a discount rate of 10 percent, is approximately US$3.49 million. Sensitivity analyses indicate that a doubling of labor costs lowers the NPV to US$2.07 million and a 10 percent decrease in benefits lowered the NPV to US$2.87. It is concluded that the implementation of conservation practices on the Shixia Demonstration Watershed represent an economically efficient use of resources.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb05495.x

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5

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ASPEN CLEARCUTTING INCREASES SNOWMELT AND STORM FLOW PEAKS IN NORTH CENTRAL MINNESOTA (1983)

Verry, Elon S. ; Lewis, Jeffrey R. ; Brooks, Kenneth N.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0

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ISSN: 1752-1688

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography

Notes: : Clearcutting aspen from the upland portion of an upland peatland watershed in north central Minnesota caused snowmelt peak discharge to increase 11 to 143 percent. Rainfall peak discharge size increased as much as 250 percent during the first two years after clearcutting, then decreased toward precutting levels in subsequent years. Storm flow volumes from rain during the first two years increased as much as 170 percent but declined to preharvest volumes in the third year. Snowmelt volumes did not significantly change. Snowmelt peak discharge occurred about four to five days earlier after clearcutting, but the timing of storm flow from rainfall was not changed.Snowmelt peaks remained above precut size for nine years after clearcutting on an area undergoing natural regeneration to aspen saplings. Partial cutting - up to approximately one-half of the watershed - reduced peak snowmelt discharge because melt was desynchronized in cleared and forested parts. Clearing more than 2/3 of the watershed caused snowmelt flood peak size to double during years with snow packs in excess of seven inches of water that remained until a day when maximum air temperatures exceeded 60d̀F.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1983.tb04557.x

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Water table response to harvesting and simulated emerald ash borer mortality in black ash wetlands in Minnesota, USA (2014)

Slesak, Robert A. ; Lenhart, Christian F. ; Brooks, Kenneth N. ; [et al.]

Canadian Science Publishing

In: Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 2014; 44(8): 961-968. Published 2014 Aug 01. doi: 10.1139/cjfr-2014-0111.

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Publication Date: 2014-08-01

Description: Black ash wetlands are seriously threatened because of the invasive emerald ash borer (EAB). Wetland hydrology is likely to be modified following ash mortality, but the magnitude of hydrological impact following loss via EAB and alternative mitigation harvests is not clear. Our objective was to assess the water table response to simulated EAB and harvesting to determine if management actions will be needed to maintain ecosystem functions following EAB infestation. We applied four replicated treatments to 1.6 ha plots as follows: (1) control, (2) girdling of all black ash trees to simulate loss via EAB mortality, (3) group selection harvests (20% of stand in 0.04 ha gaps), and (4) clear-cut harvest. Water table (WT) elevations were monitored for 1 year pre-treatment and two years post-treatment. Clear-cutting delayed WT drawdown in both years of the study, and the WT was significantly higher than the control treatment, predominantly when WT depth was below 30 cm. The effect of the group selection treatment on WT response was muted compared to clear-cutting and also limited to periods when the WT depth was below 30 cm. These responses were attributed to establishment of shallow-rooted vegetation in cut areas, which would have limited influence on WT dynamics as depth increased. There was little effect of girdling on the WT in the first year post-treatment, but effects on the WT were very similar to clear-cutting in the second year and more pronounced when the WT was within 30 cm of the soil surface. These effects were attributed to reduced transpiration coupled with the presence of a partial canopy following girdling, which would have reduced vegetation establishment and evaporation compared to clear-cutting. Given the large influence of WT depth on vegetation dynamics and associated feedbacks to altered hydrology, these early results indicate a greater risk of ecosystem alteration following EAB mortality compared to clear-cut harvesting. Depending on local hydrologic regime, variation in precipitation patterns, and time for complete canopy loss, it may be necessary for managers to implement active mitigation strategies (e.g., group selection coupled with planting of alternative species) prior to EAB infestation to maintain ecosystem processes in these forested wetland systems.

Print ISSN: 0045-5067

Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Published by Canadian Science Publishing

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HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUR PEATLANDS IN MINNESOTA (1990)

GAFNI, ABRAHAM ; BROOKS, KENNETH N.

Canadian Science Publishing

In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 1990; 70(2): 239-253. Published 1990 May 01. doi: 10.4141/cjss90-025.

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Publication Date: 1990-05-01

Description: A field study in northern Minnesota was conducted to assess the relative importance of factors that control lateral water movement in peatlands. Hydraulic gradients and groundwater velocities were measured for one mined and three unmined peatlands. Groundwater velocities were measured at shallow depths in the organic soil using the point dilution method. Hydraulic conductivities at different soil depths were estimated by applying the field measurements to Darcy's Law. Hydraulic gradients were persistent from early summer through fall and were generally less than 0.1%, a major factor governing rates of lateral water movement in undisturbed peatlands. Maximum groundwater velocities averaged 0.49 cm h−1 in the upper and least decomposed peat layers and diminished dramatically with depth and increasing decomposition. The von-Post scale of peat decomposition was found to be useful in predicting the hydraulic conductivity of peat layers. The rate of water movement at depths below 35 cm in the natural peatlands averaged less than 0.03 cm h−1. The data contribute to a better understanding of the hydrologic function of peatlands. Key words: Organic soils, peatlands, groundwater velocity, hydraulic conductivity, hydraulic gradient

Print ISSN: 0008-4271

Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition