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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Test-tube experiments proved that alkaline lead citrate (Reynolds, 1963), which is generally used as an electron-opaque stain, specifically reacts with precipitates formed by glutaraldehyde and biogenic amines (indolamines, primary catecholamines). Glutaraldehyde/osmium tetroxide fixation and staining of thin sections with alkaline lead citrate is recommended as an optimal preparation method of studying the above-mentioned amines at a fine structural level.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 50 (1976), S. 17-31 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Semithin sections (Araldite) of mouse adreno-medullary tissue were examined in the light microscope after perfusion fixation with glutaraldehyde, glutaraldehyde/formaldehyde or after freeze-drying followed by a treatment with hot formaldehyde gas. The following methods were employed: (i) aldehyde-induced fluorescence of catecholamines, (ii) Schmorl's ferric ferricyanide reaction, (iii) argentaffin reaction, and (iiii) staining with alkaline lead citrate followed by Timm's silver sulphide reaction. The correspondence of results obtained by the various methods was proven in consecutive sections or by successively applying different methods to identical sections. Four types of primary catecholamine-storing cells were identified. NA1 cells contain cytoplasmic granules up to 0.3 μm in diameter which stain black with ammoniacal silver and display a bright white to yellow fluorescence. NA2 cells show smaller cytoplasmic granules which stain brown with the argentaffin method and give white catecholamine fluorescence. NA3 cells appear yellow-earth after applying the argentaffin reaction and show greenish fluorescence. NA4 cells are hardly identified in the light microscope. These cells are significantly smaller than the above mentioned cells and characterized by a high nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. They become straw coloured with ammoniacal silver and show greenish fluorescence. The argentaffin reaction was also used to identify these cells in semithin sections of glutaraldehyde/osmium tetroxide fixed material. The fine structure of the various noradrenalin-storing cells was studied in consecutive thin sections. NA1 cells were found to contain two populations of granules, the larger ones measuring between 300 and 350 nm, the smaller ones about 175 nm. The granules in NA2 cells correspond to this latter population (175 nm). NA3 cells contain an uniform granule population with a main diameter of 120 nm. The smallest granules are seen in NA4 cells being in the dimension of 80 nm. Granules in NA1 and NA2 cells show uniformly high electron density, whereas those in NA3 and NA4 cells display cores of varying density. Granules with moderately dense cores in NA3 and NA4 cells may represent partially emptied sites of noradrenalin storage or dopamin containing particles.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 253-261 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Conjunctival Epithelium ; Guinea-Pig ; Peroxidase ; Diffusion Barrier
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Resorptionsfähigkeit des Konjunktivalepithels vom Meerschweinchen wurde nach verschieden langer Einwirkung (5–120 min) elektronendichter Markierungssubstanzen (Thoriumdioxyd, Goldsol, Ferritin, Peroxydase) geprüft. Alle Substanzen werden in geringen Mengen aus dem Konjunktivalsack resorbiert, Peroxydase nach 10 min, die übrigen Tracer nach 20 min. Eine Vorbehandlung mit EDTA-haltigen Spüllösungen ändert diese Ergebnisse nicht. Die Prüfung der Verteilung subepithelial injizierter Thoriumdioxydund Peroxydaselösungen 10 min nach Injektion ergibt, daß Thoriumdioxyd als umschriebenes Depot liegen bleibt, während Peroxydase gut diffundiert und die Interzellularräume bis zu den Zonulae occludentes gleichmäßig erfüllt. Eine Phagocytose der Tracer durch Epithelzellen ist auch hier nur in geringen Mengen nachweisbar. Das Konjunktivalepithel ist eine Barriere gegen die Aufnahme der verwendeten Markierungssubstanzen in die Bindehaut.
    Notes: Summary The resorption capability of the guinea pig conjunctival epithelium was studied applying electron dense markers (thoriumdioxide, colloidal gold, ferritin, peroxidase) for 5–120 min. All these substances are resorbed in small amounts from the epithelial surface; peroxidase after 10 min, the other markers after 20 min. Pretreatment with EDTA-containing solutions does not alter these results. Studying the localization of subepithelial injected thoriumdioxide- or peroxidase solutions 10 min after the injection shows that the thoriumdioxide remains confined to the site of injection, while peroxidase penetrates the epithelial intercellular space up to the zonulae occlndentes. A tracer uptake by phagocytosis into the epithelial cells is seen very rarely under these conditions. Thus, the epithelial layer is a barrier, preventing the diffusion of the used tracers into the conjunctiva.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 243-257 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraganglia ; Chromaffin tissue ; Plexus peribronchialis ; Catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Parenchym der peribronchialen Mikroparaganglien wird von zwei Zellarten aufgebaut: Chromaffine Zellen (Typ I-Zellen) und Hüllzellen (Typ II-Zellen). Die chromaffinen Zellen sind durch ihren reichen Gehalt an Vesikeln mit elektronendichtem Inhalt gekennzeichnet, deren Durchmesser 700–1300 Å beträgt. Markfreie Nerven ziehen an die Typ I-Zellen heran und bilden synaptische Kontakte aus. Die chromaffinen Zellen sind dabei der postsynaptische Teil der Verbindung. Die Hüllzellen entsprechen strukturell und funktionell den Schwannschen Zellen. Ein Mikroparaganglion wird von 10 bis 15 chromaffinen Zellen und deren Hüllzellen aufgebaut. Sie liegen dicht um fenestrierte Kapillaren, die von den Aa. bronchiales aus versorgt werden. Die Paraganglien sind von den Nervenzellen des peribronchialen Plexus durch dessen Perineurium getrennt. Selten findet man solitäre chromaffine Zellen innerhalb der Nervengeflechte. Es wird angenommen, daß die Paraganglien endokrine Funktionen erfüllen.
    Notes: Summary The parenchyma of peribronchial microparaganglia consists of two different cell types: chromaffin cells (type I-cells) and surrounding cells (type II-cells). The chromaffin cells contain numerous vesicles with electron dense content, their diameter ranging from 700 to 1,300 Å. Unmyelinated nerves form synapses with type I-cells. The surrounding cells structurally and functionally correspond to Schwann cells. A micro-paraganglion consists of ten to fifteen chromaffin cells and their satellite cells. They are situated close to fenestrated capillaries, which are supplied from the Aa. bronchiales. A perineurial sheath separates the paraganglia from the nerve cells of the peribronchial plexus. Single chromaffin cells are found seldom within the nervous plexus. The paraganglia are thought to have an endocrine function.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 533-541 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myofibroblasts ; Testicular capsule (rat) ; Connective tissue ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A specialized type of fibroblast occurs in the testicular capsule of adult rats. The flattened cells are characterized by bundles of cytoplasmic filaments. Filament bundles run parallel to the cell surface and insert in plaques of granular, electron dense material which is attached to the inner surface of the plasma membrane (attachment zones). Cytoplasmic filaments measure 60–80 Å in diameter. Sporadically plaques of basal lamina-like material are found, especially in the region of attachment zones. These specialized fibroblasts are interpreted as myofibroblasts. It is supposed that contractility of the testicular capsule in rats is caused by myofibroblasts.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 139-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraganglion laryngicum inferius (mouse) ; Glomus laryngicum inferior ; Catecholamines ; Fluorescence histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of high concentrations of catecholamines is shown in the mouse's inferior laryngeal paraganglion by means of fluorescence histochemistry. In mice, the entire organ is composed of 20 to 25 small, intensely fluorescent cells of oval shape (about 15 μm in diameter). The paraganglion is well provided with capillaries. The identification of catecholamines in the inferior laryngeal paraganglion, originally described as nonchromaffin (parasympathetic) paraganglion, presents additional evidence that all paraganglia store biogenic amines, are related to the sympathetic nervous system, and belong to the APUD cell series.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 389-404 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraganglia ; Chromaffin tissue ; Plexus suprarenalis ; Catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur der chromaffinen paraganglionären Zellinseln im Endoneuralraum des Plexus suprarenalis wird beschrieben. Das paraganglionäre Gewebe liegt neben Kapillaren mit teilweise fenestrierten Endothelien und spärlich verstreuten Bindegewebszellen. Es wird von zwei Zellarten aufgebaut: Typ I-Zellen (chromaffine Zellen) mit großen, locker strukturierten Kernen enthalten im Zytoplasma elektronendichte Granula (1000–1600 Å Durchmesser) mit eng anliegender Membranbegrenzung und Vesikel von 2000–4000 Å Durchmesser, deren dichter Inhalt meist exzentrisch gelegen und durch einen weiten Spalt von der Membran getrennt ist. Weiters beobachtet man ausgedehnte Golgiregionen und in ihrer Nähe uncharakteristische (Entwicklungs-) Formen der beschriebenen Granula, Mitochondrien, Ergastoplasma und freie Ribosomen. Mikrotubuli und Plasmafilamente sind regelmäßig, multivesiculated bodies gelegentlich zu finden. Typ II-Zellen (Hüllzellen) bilden eine Basalmembran aus und umgeben die chromaffinen Zellen mit dünnen Fortsätzen. Die Zellorganellen sind in der Nähe des Kernes gelegen, die Fortsätze weisen eine dichte, z. T. geordnete, fibrilläre Strukturierung auf. An der Zelloberfläche beobachtet man regionäre Zytoplasmaverdichtungen. Die Hüllzellen enthalten keine Bläschen mit elektronendichtem Inhalt. Markfreie Nerven, in Schwannsche Zellen und Hüllzellen gelagert, ziehen an die Typ I-Zellen heran und bilden an deren Oberfläche synaptische Verbindungen aus. Dabei erscheinen die chromaffinen Zellen stets als postsynaptischer Teil der Formation. Die Typ I-Zellen werden als endokrin tätige Zellen aufgefaßt, die durch Abgabe von Katecholaminen hemmend auf die Impulstransmission wirken. Die Typ II-Zellen entsprechen den Schwannschen Zellen.
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of chromaffin paraganglionic tissue situated in the endoneural space of the plexus surparenalis is described. The paraganglionic tissue is found near capillaries with partially fenestrated endothelial cells and rarely scattered connective tissue cells. Two cell types are observed: Type I-cells (chromaffin cells) with great, fine structured nucleus show in their cytoplasm electron dense granules (1,000–1,600 Å in diameter) with clinching membranes and vesicles of 2,000 to 4,000 Å in diameter. In the latter the normally excentric situated dense core is separated from the membrane by a wide cleft. Further large Golgi areas and near them uncharacteristic (developing) kinds of the granules, as described above, mitochondria, ergastoplasm and ribosomes occur. Microtubules and filaments are regularely, multivesiculated bodies occasionally found. Type II-cells (surrounding cells) produce a basement membrane and envelope the chromaffin cells with fine processes. The cell organells are near the nucleus. The processes show a compact, partially fibrillar structure. On the cell surface condensations of the cytoplasm are observed in some regions. The surrounding cells do not contain vesicles with an electron dense core. Myelinated nerves, wrapped by Schwann cells and surrounding cells approach to type I-cells and build synaptic junctions to their surface. In such cases constantly the chromaffin cells are seen as the postsynaptic part of the formation. The type I-cells are thought to be of endocrine function, having an inhibitory effect on impulse transmission by secreting catecholamines. The type II-cells correspond to the cells of Schwann.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Degenerative alterations of two different glutaraldehyde (GA)-fixed bioprosthetic heart valve materials were investigated in subcutaneous rat implants: Bovine pericardium, prepared according to clinically used bioprosthetic heart valve material (BHV) was compared to alternatively preserved pericardium (APHV), which was fixed in GA and treated with L-glutamic acid. Following 63 days of subcutaneous implantation, calcification of APHV implants was significantly lower as compared to BHV implants (13 ± 6 versus 158 ± 18 μg Ca/mg dry weight tissue; p ± 0.05). In BHV implants ultrastructural investigations showed nucleation of plate-shaped hydroxyapatite crystals at the surface of collagen fibrils and in remnants of connective tissue cells; no signs of calcification could be detected in APHV implants. The time-course of the inflammatory reaction was determined by quantification of immunohistochemical stained mononuclear host-cells invading the implants. In both preparation groups inflammatory reaction reached maximum 42 days after implantation. However, infiltration rate of inflammatory cells was markedly decreased in APHVs as compared to BHVs (p ≤ 0.05). © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1997-06-01
    Print ISSN: 1059-910X
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0029
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1997-06-01
    Print ISSN: 1059-910X
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0029
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Wiley
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