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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrated multi-scale model for ionized plasma physical vapor deposition (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 64-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In order to aid process development and address extendibility of ionized physical vapor deposition (IPVD) technology to future integrated circuit generations, an integrated model capable of simulating phenomena across the various length scales characteristic of these systems has been developed. The model is comprised of a two-dimensional equipment simulation, which relates process variables to characteristics of material fluxes to the wafer, and a three-dimensional Monte Carlo based feature scale model. The ion-surface interaction data required to model the surface processes is generated by a molecular dynamics based simulation. The integrated model is used to study the effect of various IPVD process parameters such as wafer bias, coil power, target power, and buffer gas composition on copper film profile inside a trench. Variations in film profile across the wafer are also examined. It is found that increasing the wafer bias results in an increase in the mean ion energy and the amount of sputtering inside the feature. This results in material transfer from the bottom of the feature to the sidewalls and faceting of the upper corners of the trench. Two variables, namely the total ion to Cu flux ratio (RI/N) and the mean ion energy, are found to play a crucial role in determining the effects of coil power and target power. Increasing the coil power enhances RI/N and slightly decreases the mean ion energy. This leads to more sputtering, and therefore a thicker film on the sidewalls relative to that on the bottom. Increase in target power causes RI/N to decrease, which decreases sputtering within the feature. Film profiles generally show evidence of enhanced sputtering as buffer gas ionization threshold decreases (He→Ne→Ar→Xe) for the gases considered. These variations can be explained in terms of two factors: Cu flux ionization fraction, which decreases with buffer gas ionization threshold, and mean ion energy, which increases with ionization threshold. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1371279
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple device for the determination of sphericity factor. Reply to comments (1982)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial and engineering chemistry 21 (1982), S. 97-97 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i100005a022
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of a juvenile hormone from Musca domestica
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Insect Biochemistry 6 (1976), S. 347-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-1790
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0020-1790(76)90034-2
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhomogeneous flow and the effective pressure concept in pressure sintering (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 15 (1980), S. 1614-1618 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Many of the models proposed to describe pressure sintering of solids with a randomly distributed porosity have implicit in them the effect of porosity and it is incorrect to incorporate any extra pressure intensification factor. However, usually, pores are segregated into zones which leads to inhomogeneous deformation. A consequence of this inhomogeneity is to enhance densification rates by dislocation creep and particle sliding resulting in an anomalous pressure intensification factor. Some observations on microstructural development during hot isostatic pressing are also made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00550576
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A technique for growing single crystals of CuAu (1968)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 3 (1968), S. 329-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00741972
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Study on the nature of genetic divergence in rice from assam and North East Himalayas (1973)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 43 (1973), S. 213-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A representative group of 190 rice types collected from North-East India along with four standard varieties, three of which were indicas and one japonica, was studied to understand the nature of genetic divergence. Preliminary grouping was done by canonical analysis and the resultant 42 groups were further classified using the D2 statistic. The final grouping resulted in nine divergent clusters. The three indica standards were found in three different clusters indicating the wide available variability among them. The japonica standard formed a separate group by itself. A majority of the North-East Indian types formed clusters with indicas, whereas some were intermediate and still others were closer to japonica or indica, thus indicating a series of intergrades bridging indica and japonica. Height followed by leaf area was found to be important for primary and 100-grain weight, followed by amylose content for secondary differentiation. It appears that natural selection as well as human selection might have operated for characters differentiating rice types in Assam and North Eastern Himalayas. Geographical distance was not found to be related to genetic divergence. The study suggests that O. sativa contains innumerable but divergent forms, and its classification into definite varietal groups on an arbitrary basis such as isolation barrier, sexual affinity or geographic distribution would be far from reality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309136
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A quantitative evaluation of inter-varietal hybrids of Brassica campestris L. (1976)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 48 (1976), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A quantitative evaluation of yield components was carried out in 150 inter-varietal hybrids of Brassica campestris using five each of the three varieties, brown sarson (BS) , yellow sarson (YS) and toria (TR). The results showed both additive and non-additive gene action for plant height, number of primary and secondary branches and number of siliquae on the main axis in all the six cross combinations BS-YS, YS-BS, BS-TR, TR-BS, YS-TR and TR-YS. The general combining abilities of BS, YS and TR indicated that their nature and magnitude depended largely on the other parents which entered the hybrids. There were differences in combining ability between direct and reciprocal combinations. GBS II, Kanpur Lotni 17, Kanpur Lotni 27 and DS 17D in BS, IB 3, IB 5, IB 6 and BP 12 in YS , and T 165, T 244 and T 1842 in TR were identified as potential parents for inter-varietal hybridisation. Reciprocal effects were found when BS or YS was used as parent and they were least when TR was used as a parent. The amount and degree of heterosis was substantial in inter-varietal crosses. Based on the heterosis-combining ability relationship, the role of inter-varietal hybridisation in population improvement of Brassica campestris is discussed. A number of methods of utilising the inter-varietal hybrids in multiple crosses and synthetic complexes is suggested as potential supplements to population breeding in this crop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282404
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early generation intermating for yield improvement in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) (1986)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1986), S. 662-666 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sib mating ; Intermating ; Selfing ; Arachis hypogaea ; Yield improvement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Seeds of 4 crosses of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), ‘Robut 33-1’ x ‘Chico’, ‘Robut 33-1’ x ‘NC Ac 17090’, ‘Robut 33-1’ x ‘PI 298115’ and ‘MK 374’ x ‘GAUG 1’, were irradiated with 30 kR. In the F1, some branches of each plant were intermated with other plants at random and others selfed in each cross to produce S2 and F2 seeds. They were evaluated for pod yield, shelling percentage and 100-kernel weight. The frequency of plants superior to F[in1] was much higher in S2 than in F2, which was, in general, true for the values of yield and its components. The S2 and F2 were advanced to third generation by selfing. The families descending from S2 showed clear superiority over those from F2. The reason for such superiority was suggested to be the recombination of genes from the upper and lower ends of the genotypic distribution under intermating.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264273
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonparametric approach to multitrait selection for yield in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 223-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Selection index ; Nitrogen fixation ; Peanut ; Nonparametric method ; Stepwise regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Eight characters related to nitrogen fixation and pod development measured 30 days after flowering were evaluated for their correct grading of the relative yield performance of 17 genetically diverse lines of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Each line was assigned a high or low yield status based on its pod yield, shelling percentage, and 100-kernel weight. Seventeen character combinations were examined for their relative merit in correct identification of the yield status of lines. The character sets, nitrogenase activity alone or in combination with nitrogen percent or shoot weight identified the status of 77% of lines correctly. The extent to which various characters accounted for the variation in pod yield was also checked by multiple regression analysis. While the character combination, nitrogen percent plus leaf area explained 75% of variation in pod yield, nodule mass, nitrogenase activity, and leaf area occurred in some other combinations that explained yield variation to a lesser extent. These analyses point to the profitability of involving crop physiological traits such as leaf area and nitrogen percent in selecting for relative yield performance in groundnut.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224390
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The utility of covariance of combining ability in plant breeding (1976)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 47 (1976), S. 303-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The definition of covariances of half- and full sibs, and hence that of variances of general and specific combining ability with regard to a quantitative character, is extended to take into account the respective covariances between a pair of characters. The interpretation of the dispersion and correlation matrices of general and specific combining ability is discussed by considering a set of single, three- and four-way crosses, made using diallel and line × tester mating systems in Pennisetum typhoides. The general implications of the concept of covariance of combining ability in plant breeding are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281936
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