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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 13 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Problems in the interpretation of passive optical remote sensing data obtained by telespectrometric measurements on board a research vessel (or aircraft) are discussed. Two methods are considered: (1) The correlation method, where correlative relationships between the remotely sensed spectra and concentrations of optically active substances in the water are determined and corresponding regression formulae found; (2) the similarity method, where the remotely sensed spectrum is compared with the multitude of spectra obtained by means of model calculations. The application of these methods and analysis of the results are made using our remote and in situ data. It is found that the correlation method is far from being general (the regression parameters depend on the location, season and weather conditions), but it has the advantage of being applicable without the need to describe the aquatic environment by a theoretical model. The similarity method is much more general but involves difficulties in including the optical properties of the aquatic environment in the theoretical model, especially the backscattering properties of several types of suspended matter in the water bodies.Some aspects of detecting oil-slick pollution on the sea surface by means of passive optical remote sensing methods are discussed and corresponding examples are shown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Ocean dynamics 37 (1984), S. 221-233 
    ISSN: 1616-7228
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während der Forschungsreisen des RV “Ayu-Dag” in den Sommern 1981 und 1982 sind Messungen des Sonnenlichtes, das von der Wasseroberfläche der Ostsee ausgesandt wird, sowie die zugehörigen aktinometrischen und meteorologischen Beobachtungen gemacht worden. An mehreren Ankerstationen sind Bestimmungen des Remissionsgrades und seiner Veränderlichkeit erfolgt. Das remittierte Licht rührt einerseits von Reflexion an der Wasseroberfläche, andererseits vom diffus rückgestreuten sogenannten “Unterlicht” her. Es ist nützlich, die Me\werte in diese Komponenten aufzuteilen, weil das die rechnerische Analyse vereinfacht. Der spektrale Remissionsgrad zwischen 392 und 700 nm und seine Komponenten sowie deren Veränderlichkeit in verschiedenen Gebieten der Ostsee werden diskutiert. Für diese Aufspaltung wird der reflektierte Anteil durch Modellrechnungen bestimmt. Sowohl der spektrale Remissionsgrad als auch der Farbindex sind in der Ostsee sehr veränderlich. Die Ursache dafür liegt hauptsächlich in der verschiedenen Reinheit des Wassers, aber auch in einer Abhängigkeit des Remissionsgrades von den Beleuchtungsbedingungen: a) bei Bewölkung sind seine Werte stets höher als bei klarem Himmel; b) der Remissionsgrad des Wassers nimmt ab mit zunehmendem Zenitwinkel der Sonne. Die erhaltenen Spektren des Remissionsgrades (und insbesondere die seines Streulichtanteiles) zeigen das charakteristische, vom Chlorophyll verursachte Minimum bei 440 nm; jedoch hat sich praktisch keine Korrelation zwischen Chlorophyllkonzentration und spektralem Remissionsgrad am Ostseewasser nachweisen lassen. Mit Hilfe von Modellrechnungen ist die Annahme geprüft worden, daß der Reflexionsgrad des Wassers bei senkrechtem Lichtein- und-ausfall 2% beträgt. Es wurde gezeigt, daß die Annahme höchstens bis zu Windgeschwindigkeiten von ≈3 m/s gültig sein kann.
    Abstract: Résumé Des séries de mesures sur la réverbération du rayonnement solaire au-dessus de la Mer Baltique et les observations actinométriques et météorologiques correspondantes, ont été exécutées au cours des campagnes scientifiques du RV «Ayu-Dag» durant les étés 1981 et 1982. Les valeurs et la variabilité du coefficient de rétrodiffusion ont été déterminées sur plusieurs points de mouillage en Mer Baltique. On peut distinguer deux composantes du coefficient de rétrodiffusion: la première est due à la lumière directement réfléchie depuis la surface et la seconde est due à la rétroréverbération diffuse de l'eau. Il est opportun de différencier ces deux composantes à l'intérieur du coefficient de rétrodiffusion car les analyses de données se font plus facilement lorsque les deux spectres sont étudiés séparément. La distribution spectrale de coefficient de rétrodiffusion de ses composantes va de 392 à 700 nm dans l'échelle des longueurs d'ondes et leur variabilité a été discutée pour différentes régions de la Mer Baltique. Pour cette différenciation la composante directement réfléchie est déterminée par un modèle de calculs. Le spectre du coefficient de rétrodiffusion aussi bien que l'indice de couleur de l'eau, varie sur une large échelle dans les eaux de la Baltique. Ceci est dû principalement à la variation de la pureté de l'eau, mais aussi à une dépendance entre le coefficient de rétrodiffusion et les conditions d'éclairage: a) par ciel nuageux ses valeurs sont toujours plus fortes que par ciel clair; b) le coefficient de rétrodiffusion diminue avec l'augmentation de la distance zénithale du soleil. Dans la plupart des cas, les spectres obtenus du coefficient de rétrodiffusion (et même ceux de la composante de rétroréverbération) montrent à 440 nm le minimum caractéristique causé par la chlorophylle; cependant il n'y a pour ainsi dire pas de corrélation entre les valeurs spectrales du coefficient de rétrodiffusion à 440 nm et la concentration en chlorophylle des eaux de la Baltique. La validité de l'hypothèse, selon laquelle la radiance de la mer en direction du nadir est approximativement égale à 2% de la valeur de la radiance du ciel en direction du zénith, a été estimée par un modèle de calculs. Il a été montré que cette hypothèse n'est valable que pour des vitesses du vent jusqu'à ≈3 m/s seulement.
    Notes: Summary Measurement series of the upwelling solar radiation above the Baltic Sea and the corresponding actinometric and meteorological observations were carried out during the scientific cruises of the RV “Ayu-Dag” in the summer of 1981 and 1982. The values and variability of the sea brightness coefficient at serveral mooring stations of the Baltic were determined. Two components of the sea brightness coefficient can be distinguished: the first component which is due to the light, directly reflected from the sea surface and the second one which is due to the light, diffusely backscattered from the water. It is expedient to separate these components within the experimental values of the sea brightness coefficient: the data analysis becomes much easier when the two distinguished spectra are considered. The spectral distribution of the sea brightness coefficient and its components within the range of wavelengths from 392 to 700 nm and their variability in different regions of the Baltic Sea are discussed. For this separation the directly reflected component is determined by model calculations. The spectral brightness coefficient as well as the colour index of the Baltic waters vary on a large scale. This is caused mainly by the water purity variation, but also by a dependence of the brightness coefficient on the illumination conditions: a) for a cloudy sky its values are always higher than those for a clear sky; b) the sea brightness coefficient decreases with the increase of the solar zenith angle. In most cases the obtained spectra of the sea brightness coefficient (and, even more, the spectra of its backscattered component) show the characteristic minimum caused by chlorophyll, at 440 nm; however, there is practically no correlation between the spectral values of the brightness coefficient at 440 nm and chlorophyll concentration in the Baltic waters. The validity of the assumption, that the sea radiance value in the nadir direction is approximately equal to 2% of the sky radiance value in the zenith direction, was estimated by model calculations. It was shown that this assumption may be valid only for wind speeds up to ≈3 m/s.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2008-12-16
    Print ISSN: 1386-2588
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5125
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 4
  • 5
    Publication Date: 2008-02-03
    Print ISSN: 0018-8158
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5117
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2008-02-03
    Print ISSN: 0018-8158
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5117
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2005-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0018-8158
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5117
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2003-06-01
    Print ISSN: 1385-1101
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-1414
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2016-03-24
    Description: We examined and parameterized chlorophyll-specific phytoplankton absorption coefficients (a*ph(λ)) for three turbid productive Estonian lakes on the basis of bio-optical measurements in 2005-2013. A new model parameterization was created that enables to reconstruct the spectra of a*ph(λ) for turbid productive waters with the higher reliability than previous parameterizations for ocean and coastal waters. The coefficients A(λ) and B(λ) of our model differ from those found in seas, coastal waters and other types of lakes. For any water type separately the increase of total chlorophyll concentration accompanied with the decrease of a*ph. Our results showed significant seasonal differences between the model parameters due to diversity of the phytoplankton assemblages. This suggests that season-specific models should be developed and validated. Improving the modelling of chlorophyll-specific phytoplankton absorption spectra for hypertrophic lakes is still pending on the availability of a larger dataset, which includes simultaneous measurements of chlorophyll concentrations, phytoplankton absorption coefficients and phytoplankton species composition. Our results implied that total chlorophyll concentration is not a universal predictor of the magnitude of chlorophyll-specific phytoplankton absorption coefficient. The aph(λ) models are also likely site and season dependent. Further research is needed for quantifying the role of accessory pigments and other optical constituents as well as the cell size of dominant algal species for considering their influence on the modelling outputs.
    Print ISSN: 1129-5767
    Electronic ISSN: 1723-8633
    Topics: Biology
    Published by PAGEPress
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2015-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0034-4257
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-0704
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Elsevier
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