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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of shade on the morphology and physiology of amabilis fir and western hemlock seedlings (1995)
    Springer
    New forests 10 (1995), S. 79-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: Abies, acclimation ; photosynthesis ; shade tolerance ; Tsuga
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Successful regeneration of coastal montane sites harvested using alternative silvicultural systems may depend on the degree to which tree species can acclimate morphologically and physiologically to a variety of light environments. In a study to determine shade acclimation in montane conifers, one-year-old amabilis fir (Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) seedlings were grown in a nursery under four shade treatments: full sunlight (0% shade), 60% and 30% shade using shade cloth, and 30% shade using lath slats. Shading influenced shoot development, foliar physiology and morphological characteristics of both amabilis fir and western hemlock but in general, the effects were small. Shade levels of 60% were required to induce significant acclimation, and western hemlock appeared to respond more positively than amabilis fir and therefore was considered more shade tolerant than amabilis fir. Light quality had little influence on growth and development, as indicated by a lack of significant differences in physiology or morphology between seedlings grown under shade cloth or lath slats. There were indications that adequate nutrition levels may mitigate the effects of shade on seedling morphology and physiology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034177
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stock quality assessment through an integrated approach (1991)
    Springer
    New forests 5 (1991), S. 77-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: stock quality assessment ; performance potential index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Forest regeneration can be improved by matching seedling stock with reforestation site environmental conditions. To achieve this improvement, one must characterize seedling performance potential with anticipated field site conditions. A theoretical performance potential index (PPI) has been developed to forecast seedling field performance during the first growing season on a reforestation site. PPI includes material and performance attribute tests that characterize seedling performance potential under optimum and limiting environmental conditions. Test results are standardized and then integrated resulting in a comprehensive assessment procedure. The PPI concept is demonstrated using containerized western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) seedlings subjected to a series of dormancy induction treatments and the results are compared with actual seedling performance during the first growing season on a reforestation site. Results indicated that PPI values for western hemlock seedlings treated with various dormancy induction treatments corresponded to field performance. Possible use of PPI in stock selection is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029300
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  • 3
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    Influence of dormancy induction treatments on western hemlock seedlings. II. Physiological and morphological response during the first growing season on a reforestation site (1991)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-02-01
    Description: Western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) seedlings from four dormancy induction treatments (DIT) (i.e., long-day dry, long-day wet, short-day dry, short-day wet) were planted on a coastal reforestation site in British Columbia and monitored for physiological response and morphological development over the first growing season. Seedlings in all DIT showed a similar net photosynthetic, needle conductance, and shoot water potential response to seasonal low temperature, non droughty, and late summer drought conditions. Pressure–volume analysis at the beginning of the growing season (late February) showed short-day wet seedlings to have lower saturated and turgor loss point osmotic potentials than other DIT, while at the end of the growing season (October) there was no osmotic potential difference between DIT. At the end of the growing season, short-day wet seedlings had a much lower maximum modulus of elasticity than other DIT, indicating their shoots were still elongating. Morphological assessment 1 month after field planting showed short-day DIT seedlings had less needle damage and greater root development in response to continuous low temperature exposure. Four months after planting, long-day wet seedlings had the greatest shoot (i.e., height, root collar diameter) and root development in response to mild temperatures and high soil moisture conditions. Eight months after planting, survival was between 95 and 97% for all DIT. Long-day DIT seedlings had the greatest height and all DIT had similar root collar diameter and root development. Short-day DIT seedlings had the best shoot/soil roots ratio. Short-day wet seedlings had the least number of stem units per centimetre of new shoot development throughout the growing season. Results are discussed in reference to stock quality assessment presented in the first paper of this series.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 4
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    Influence of dormancy induction treatments on western hemlock seedlings. I. Seedling development and stock quality assessment (1991)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-02-01
    Description: Western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) seedlings were grown in a greenhouse and subjected to four dormancy induction treatments (DIT) (i.e., long-day dry, long-day wet, short-day dry, and short-day wet) during midsummer. In the late summer and fall, seedling development was monitored and it was found that (1) short-day DIT caused a rapid cessation of shoot growth; (2) short-day DIT caused rapid fall development of needle primordia, while long-day DIT took until midwinter to produce the same number of needle primordia; and (3) short-day DIT seedlings had lower saturated and turgor loss point osmotic potentials and greater maximum modulus of elasticity in October than long-day DIT. Seedlings were tested with a comprehensive stock quality assessment procedure just before late winter field planting. These tests showed the following: (1) morphological parameters: short-day DIT reduced shoot to root ratios; (2) pressure–volume analysis: short-day wet seedlings had the lowest osmotic potentials at saturation and turgor loss point; (3) soluble sugar analysis: greater levels of total soluble sugars were found in non water stressed DIT compared with water stressed DIT seedlings; (4) seedling water movement: short-day DIT seedlings had the lowest resistance to water movement at low root temperature (5 °C); (5) low root temperature response: short-day compared with long-day DIT seedlings had greater photosynthesis and stomatal conductance at low root temperatures; (6) root growth capacity: seedlings from all DIT were capable of growing roots at optimum root temperature (22 °C), but short-day compared with long-day DIT had greater root growth at low root temperatures; (7) drought stress response: short-day wet seedlings had the highest photosynthesis and stomatal conductance levels as predawn shoot water potentials decreased; and (8) frost hardiness: short-day wet seedlings had the least needle damage when tested at temperatures of −15 and −18 °C.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 5
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    Electrophoretic and morphological differentiation of Piceasitchensis, Piceaglauca, and their hybrids (1986)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-08-01
    Description: Isozymes and seedling morphology were used to differentiate among nine reforestation seed lots that included three Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr., two Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss, and four putative hybrid spruces from the coast–interior zone of reported introgression in British Columbia. Among 18 isozymes, 6 (Adh, Dia-2, Gdh, G6p, 6pg-1, and 6pg-3,) were most useful in separating P. sitchensis and P. glauca. 6pg-1 was the best single criterion to differentiate among the seed lots. Among 10 morphological characteristics, 5 (pattern of terminal bud set when photoperiod was reduced to 15 h, to 14 h 10 min, and to 13 h 25 min, shoot length at end of growing season, and degree of needle serration) were highly variable among seed lots. Pattern of terminal bud set when photoperiod was reduced to 14 h 10 min and degree of needle serration were the two best morphological criteria for seed lot differentiation. Electrophoretic and morphological data were in complete agreement with respect to species classification for the nine seed lots. Such results suggested that isozymes would be useful for taxonomic classification of spruce seed lots collected in areas where introgressive hybridization of P. sitchensis and P. glauca has been reported.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 6
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    Effects of photoperiod and moisture availability on shoot growth, seedling morphology, and cuticle and epicuticular wax features of container-grown western hemlock seedlings (1989)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-01-01
    Description: The influence of short-day and long-day photoperiods, and moderate drought stress (−1.0 MPa), all applied for 4 weeks beginning in mid-July, 1986, was studied on greenhouse-grown western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) seedlings cultured in two Styroblock container cavity sizes. Shoot growth, morphology, and cuticle and epicuticular wax features were investigated. Weekly measurements of shoot growth were made from early June until growth cessation in October. Root collar diameter, shoot length, numbers of branches and needles, and needle lengths were recorded after shoot growth cessation in another subsample of trees. Shoot growth rapidly ceased under short days, whereas free growth continued under long days. Moisture stress had no effect on shoot growth phenology but significantly reduced final values for all morphological variables. The trends were similar in seedlings from both container sizes, but values were greater in those from the larger containers. Long days increased the total number of leaves and branches, especially under no moisture stress conditions. Under long days, stem unit and needle lengths were increased in the proximal portion of the shoot, whereas moisture stress alone reduced these values in the distal section of the shoot. Dormancy induction treatments had little effect on needle cuticle and epicuticular wax features, although fusion of wax rodlets in the stomata was less common under moisture stress conditions.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 7
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    Effect of supplemental light intensity on white spruce, Engelmann spruce, and mountain hemlock seedlings grown under an extended photoperiod (1985)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-04-01
    Description: Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss, Piceaengelmannii Parry and Tsugamertensiana (Bong.) Carr. were grown in an unheated "shelterhouse" container nursery, with a high pressure sodium vapour lamp providing a 19-h photoperiod and light intensities of 1600, 800, 400, 200, and 100 lx. The control seedlings received natural daylight and photoperiod. None of the light intensities effectively prevented terminal bud formation in the first two species while no terminal buds were formed at the 1600 lx level in the third one. Higher light intensities delayed the bud forming process in the first and third species, produced significant differences in the number of stem units of the first two, and resulted in larger mean stem unit lengths of the last two species. The longest seedling shoots of all three species were grown under light intensities of 800, 100, and 400 lx, respectively. There were no significant differences in seedling shoot weight, root weight, and root collar diameter among the five light intensity levels used to extend the photoperiod in the first growing season. Light intensity had little effect on 2-year shoot growth of all three species.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 8
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    Growth Response of White-Engelmann Spruce Provenances to Extended Photoperiod Using Continuous and Intermittent Light (1974)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1974-03-01
    Description: Four white-Engelmann spruce provenances (latitudes ca. 49–54 °N and elevations 430–1770 m) were grown outdoors in containers from seed at low elevation in southwest British Columbia (48°26′N). Five photoperiod treatments were applied: three combinations of intermittent light (150 ft-c (1600 lux)) through the dark period, viz. A 2 min light every 30 min; B 1 min light every 10 min; C 15 s light every 6 min, and D an 18-h photoperiod (natural day length extended by 150 ft-c (1600 lux) supplemental light), plus E a control (natural day length).All control-grown provenances, except the southern latitude – low-elevation source, formed terminal resting buds and ceased height growth early in the growing season. Light treatments delayed this event. The most effective treatment in terms of height growth and total plant weight was A, usually followed by D, C, B, and E. It is suggested that white and Engelmann spruce from northern latitudes and high elevations in British Columbia can be successfully propagated in southern coastal container nurseries if the photoperiod is extended.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 9
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    Effect of light intensity during extended photoperiod on growth of amabilis fir, mountain hemlock, and white and Engelmann spruce seedlings (1979)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-03-01
    Description: Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forbes, Tsugamertensiana (Bong.) Carr., Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss, and Piceaengelmannii Parry seedlings were grown in an outdoor container nursery using one high-pressure sodium vapor lamp to provide a 24-h photoperiod. Eight intensities of lighting were arranged, viz., 220, 80, 40, 20, 12, 8, 5, and 0 lx.Extending the photoperiod and increasing the light intensity had a significant positive effect on the length and weight of seedling shoots and delayed terminal bud set. Root growth response to these treatments was negative, although the differences were rarely significant. Seedlings grown under a light intensity of 220 lx were the largest. The minimum intensity required to produce seedling shoot lengths which were significantly larger than the controls was in the range 20–80 lx.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 10
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    The effect of moderate moisture and nutrient stress on bud formation and growth of container-grown white spruce seedlings (1986)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-10-01
    Description: Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss seedlings were grown in controlled environment rooms following germination with a combination of fluorescent and incandescent lamps (ratio, 1.4:1) providing 390 μmol s−1 m−2 of photosynthetically active radiation over a 24-h photoperiod. Moderate moisture and nutrient stress treatments were applied to separate seedling groups (10 weeks from germination) for a 2-week period during the initial free growth phase when mean seedling shoot length had reached 12 cm. Photoperiod was then reduced to 8 h. Both periodic moisture stress (reaching −1.72 MPa) and nutrient withdrawal (N, P, K) were effective in inducing terminal bud formation in container-grown white spruce seedlings under nonlimiting photoperiod and the number of needle primordia subsequently formed in the terminal bud under short days was significantly reduced. However, decreased needle complements in the stressed seedlings did not result in reduced shoot growth in the second growing season. Free growth following extension of the preformed shoot compensated for the reduced amount of predetermined foliage.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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