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1

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Manure, Tillage, and Crop Rotation: Effects on Residual Weed Interference in Spring Barley Cropping Systems (1998)

Stevenson, F. Craig ; Légère, Anne ; Simard, Régis R. ; [et al.]

Springer

Semigroup forum 90 (1998), S. 496-504

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ISSN: 1432-2137

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Mathematics

Notes: Hordeum vulgare L.) and the potential occurrence of crop-weed interference. A field study was established on a Normandin clay (fine, mixed, frigid Humic Cryaquept) at Normandin in Québec to investigate the effects of crop rotation, tillage (chisel plow, CP; moldboard plow, MP), and nutrient source on midseason aboveground dry weight and seed yield of barley and residual weed populations. Barley-weed interference was detected using ANOVA, principal components analysis, and analysis of covariance. A reduction in midseason dry weight (36%) and seed yield (59%) of barley in the CP relative to the MP treatment in 1994 was associated with interference from broadleaf plantain (Plantago major L.) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber in Wiggers). A 20% reduction in midseason dry weight and seed yield with CP tillage in 1995 was associated with interference from volunteer timothy (Phleum pratenseL.) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Barley dry weight and seed yield were 29 and 26% greater in the barley-forage rotation compared with the monoculture in all years except 1995, despite greater weed pressure in the barley-forage rotation. Compared with mineral fertilizer, application of manure resulted in lower dry weight and seed yield for barley; however, this reduction was not associated with weed interference. In contrast to tillage, crop rotation and nutrient source effects on crop variables appeared mediated through factors other than weed interference.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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2

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Microbial biomass and N transformations in two soils cropped with annual and perennial species (1996)

Chantigny, Martin H. ; Prévost, Danielle ; Angers, Denis A. ; [et al.]

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 239-244

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Key words Microbial biomass ; Denitrification ; Nitrification ; Nitrate ; Organic C

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract A field study was undertaken to determine the effects of different plant species on soil microbial biomass and N transformations in a well drained silty clay loam (Typic Dystrochrept) and a poorly drained clay loam (Typic Humaquept). The crop treatments were faba bean (Vicia faba L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Measurements of microbial biomass C, denitrification capacity, and nitrification capacity were performed periodically in the top 2–10 cm of soil. On most sampling dates, all three parameters were higher under perennial than under annual species. The nitrification capacity was positively affected by the level of N applied to each species (r=0.65** for the silty clay loam and 0.84*** for the clay loam) and not directly by the plant. The differences found in microbial biomass C were significantly correlated with the water-soluble organic C present under each plant species (r=0.74*** for the silty clay loam and 0.90*** for the clay loam), suggesting differences in C deposition in the soil among plant species. In the silty clay loam, the denitrification capacity was positively related to the amount of organic C found under each plant species, while in the clay loam, it was dependent on the amount of N applied to each species. There was less denitrification activity per unit biomass under legume species than under gramineae, suggesting that, depending on their composition, root-derived materials may be used differently by soil microbes.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334898

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3

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Soil organic matter quality as influenced by tillage, lime, and phosphorus (1994)

Simard, Régis R. ; Angers, Denis A. ; Lapierre, Claude

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 18 (1994), S. 13-18

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Soil organic matter ; N mineralization potential ; Microbial biomass C ; Gleysol ; Reduced tillage ; Moldboard plowing ; Barley cropping

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract In Eastern Canada, cereal yields are often restricted by soil acidity and low fertility. Continuous cereal production can also lead to soil structural degradation. The addition of lime and fertilizers and the adoption of conversation tillage practices are proposed solutions which may have a positive impact on soil quality. The objective of the present work was to assess the impact of 3 years of different tillage practices and P additions, and of a single lime addition on organic C and total N, microbial biomass C, and on N mineralization at the surface layer (0–7.5 cm) of a Courval sandy clay loam (Humic Gleysol). The easily mineralizable N, total amount of N mineralized in 22.1 weeks, the rate of N mineralization, and microbial biomass C were significantly greater in the minimum tillage than in the moldboard plow treatment. Chisel plow treatment showed intermediate values. The ratios of potentially mineralizable N and of easily mineralizable to total soil N were also significantly larger under minimum tillage and chisel plowing than under moldboard plowing. The lime and P treatments had no significant effect on the measured soil quality parameters. The total amount of N mineralized per unit of biomass C decreased as the tillage intensity increased, suggesting a decrease in the efficiency of the biomass in transforming organic N into potentially plant-available forms and thus a loss in soil organic matter quality. The results of this study indicate that conservation tillage practices such as rototilling and chisel plowing are efficient ways of maintaining soil organic matter quality when old pastures are brought back into cultivation.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336438

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4

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Dynamics of Physical Organic Matter Fractions During De-inking Sludge Decomposition (1999)

Fierro, Alejandro ; Angers, Denis A. ; Beauchamp, Chantal J.

Springer

Soil Science Society of America journal 63 (1999), S. 1013-1018

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ISSN: 1435-0661

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: -1 before seeding tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv.). Nitrogen (at 315, 630 and 945 kg N ha-1) and P (at 52.5 and 105 kg P ha-1) were also applied to all plots. Distribution of C and N was determined periodically in two sizes (〈53 μm and 〉53 μm) and two densities (〈1.8 g cm-3 and 〉1.8 g cm-3) of soil fractions during 823 d. After 823 d, C concentrations were 43 and 69% of those of Day 5, for the low and high N rates, respectively. With time, the proportion of C in the heavy (〉1.8 g cm-3) fraction increased from 20 to 55%, but remained near 20% in the fine (〈53 μm) fraction. Increasing N rates increased c conservation mainly in the coarse (〉53 μm) fraction. The amount of N recovered in all fractions decreased after Day 86, in accordance with a previous litter bag study. Although inorganic N was positively correlated with total N in all fractions, the fine fraction was the best indicator of the size of the mineral N pool. Addition of sludge to the sandpit favored the restoration of C and N pools, and high levels of mineral N increased this effect. Residues became denser but remained relatively coarse during the decomposition.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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5

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Decomposition of wheat straw and rye residues as affected by particle size (1997)

Angers, Denis A. ; Recous, Sylvie

Springer

Plant and soil 189 (1997), S. 197-203

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: decomposition ; particle size ; residue ; rye ; straw

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Effects of contact between the soil and crop residues on the processes of residue decomposition are still poorly understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of residue particle size on the decomposition of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw (C/N=270) and green rye (Secale cereale) residues (C/N=9). Residue particle size was used as a means to vary the contact between crop residues and the soil. Carbon mineralization was measured during 102 d for straw and 65 d for rye, on residues ranging in sizes from laboratory model (0.03 cm) to field-scale (10 cm). The soil was a silt (Typic Hapludalf) and the incubation was performed at 15 °C. The effects of particle size on C mineralization varied for the two residues. In the first two days of incubation, decomposition rate of rye increased with decreasing particle size but thereafter, the trend was reversed. In 65 days, 8% more C was decomposed in the 7-cm residues than in the 0.03-cm ones. For wheat straw, early decomposition (3–17 days) was faster for the small-sized particles (0.06 and 0.1 cm). Thereafter, the largest size classes (5 and 10 cm) decomposed faster. After 102 days, the very fine particles (≤ 0.1 cm) showed the greatest and the intermediate size classes (0.5 and 1 cm), the lowest amount of C mineralized. We hypothesized that greater availability and accessibility of N was responsible for the higher rates of decomposition observed for finely-ground wheat straw while a physical protection of finely ground residues was probably involved in the observed reverse effect for rye.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004207219678

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6

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Soil Surface Carbon Dioxide Fluxes Induced by Spring, Summer, and Fall Moldboard Plowing in a Sandy Loam (1999)

Rochette, Philippe ; Angers, Denis A.

Springer

Soil Science Society of America journal 63 (1999), S. 621-628

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ISSN: 1435-0661

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: 2 emissions would vary following spring, summer, and fall moldboard plowing of a sandy loam (loamy, mixed, frigid, Umbric Dystrochrept). At all dates, plowing increased CO2 emissions by 7 to 20 μmol m-2 s-1 during the first hours following tillage due to degassing of soil CO2. The effects of tillage following this initial burst varied with date of plowing. Fall incorporation of fresh maize residues increased CO2 losses by 173 kg C ha-1 during a period of 4 d compared with a non-tilled control, until halted by a sudden drop of 6°C in soil temperature with the onset of winter. In contrast, the cumulative CO2 fluxes following spring plowing of fall-applied residues were 186 kg C ha-1 lower than on a non-tilled control. This effect of spring plowing on CO2 fluxes lasted for 2 wk, during which soil temperatures in the plow layer were below 10°C. Summer plowing increased CO2 emissions by as much as 2 μmol m-2 s-1 for a period of 65 d, resulting in cumulative soil C losses of 685 kg C ha-1 compared with the undisturbed control. Variations in tillage-induced CO2 emissions between dates were attributed to differences in soil microclimatic conditions following plowing events. The study of the impact of tillage on soil organic matter decomposition should consider the time of year when the soil is tilled.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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7

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Maize Residue Decomposition Measurement Using Soil Surface Carbon Dioxide Fluxes and Natural Abundance of Carbon-13 (1999)

Rochette, Philippe ; Angers, Denis A. ; Flanagan, Lawrence B.

Springer

Soil Science Society of America journal 63 (1999), S. 1385-1396

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ISSN: 1435-0661

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: 13 C analyses could be used with soil CO2 flux measurements to quantify the short-term decomposition rates of maize (Zea mays L.) residues under undisturbed field conditions. For this purpose, maize was grown in a sandy loam (Umbric Dystrochrept) that developed under C3 vegetation. Residues were returned to the field at the end of the growing season. During the following snowfree period (May to November), the maize residue decomposition rate was calculated for plots that were either under no-till or moldboard plowed, using the C isotope ratio (13C/12C) of the soil CO2, the C isotope ratio of the plant and soil substrates, and the soil respiration rate. The incorporation of residue-derived C into the soil microbial biomass was also evaluated. Maize residue decomposition increased the C isotope ratio of the soil CO2 by 2 to 7‰ relative to unamended control plots. Decomposition rates peaked in June (2–3 g C m−2 d−1) and were low at both the beginning and end of the growing season (〈0.5 g C m−2 d−1). For a given soil temperature, the decomposition was more active early than late in the season because of decreased substrate availability as decomposition proceeded. The decomposition rate of maize-derived C correlated with the fraction of the microbial biomass derived from maize residues. This active pool represented 9% of microbial biomass and showed a high level of specific activity. The total maize residue-C losses during the study corresponded with 35% of the added residue C under no-till plots and 40% with moldboard plowing. Natural abundance 13C analyses may be successfully used with respiration measurements to quantify crop residue decomposition rates under undisturbed field conditions.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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8

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Aggregation and Organic Matter Decomposition in Soils Amended with De-Inking Paper Sludge (1999)

Chantigny, Martin H. ; Angers, Denis A. ; Beauchamp, Chantal J.

Springer

Soil Science Society of America journal 63 (1999), S. 1214-1221

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ISSN: 1435-0661

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: −3 ) C, and water-stable aggregation were measured periodically during a 3-yr period after a single application of DPS at rates of 0 (control), 50, and 100 Mg ha−1. Microscopic observations of water-stable aggregates were also performed. Adding DPS increased whole soil C content, which remained greater than in the control for the duration of the study. After 2 yr, about 40% of the initial material remained in the soil. The proportion of residual C attributed to DPS and present in the particulate fraction remained constant at 70 to 90% during the first 2 yr of the study, whereas the proportion of residual C present in the light fraction decreased from 〉95% for fresh DPS to 〈50% after 2 yr. One year after incorporation of DPS, the proportion of water-stable aggregates 〉1 mm was 2 to 6 times larger in amended soils than in the control. This effect was still statistically significant after 3 yr. Microscopic observations revealed that DPS formed into clusters of wood fibers which became encrusted with mineral particles. We hypothesized that this encrustation provided physical protection to the decaying DPS which remained particulate (〉53 μm) in size and progressively densified to 〉1.8 Mg m−3. As a result, water-stable macroaggregates were formed with DPS as a central core.

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URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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9

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Plant-induced Changes in Soil Structure: Processes and Feedbacks (1998)

Angers, Denis A. ; Caron, Jean

Springer

Biogeochemistry 42 (1998), S. 55-72

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ISSN: 1573-515X

Keywords: plants ; roots ; soil structure ; soil porosity ; soil aggregation

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences

Notes: Abstract Soil structure influences the growth and activity of organisms living in soil. In return, microbes, fauna, and plants affect structure. The objective of this paper is to review the role of plants in modifying soil structure. Vegetation affects structural form and stability at different scales and through various direct and indirect mechanisms. By penetrating the soil, roots form macropores which favour fluid transport. They also create zones of failure which contribute to fragment the soil and form aggregates. This phenomenon is enhanced by the wetting and drying cycles associated with plant growth. Drying also causes shrinkage and strengthening of the soil. Anchorage of roots and the exudation of cementing material stabilizes soil structure. Finally, as a source of C, roots and plant residues provide a food source to the microflora and fauna which contribute to structure formation and stabilization. In return, plant-induced changes in structure will affect plant growth mostly by modifying the root physical environment, and the water and nutrient cycles.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005944025343

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