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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 653 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 539 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne single-stranded (ss)RNA flavivirus, causes human disease of variable severity. We investigated the involvement of Toll-like receptor (Tlr) 3, which recognizes viral double-stranded (ds)RNA, on WNV infection. Tlr3-deficient (Tlr3−/−) mice were more ...
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, is maintained in a tick–mouse cycle. Here we show that B. burgdorferi usurps a tick salivary protein, Salp15 (ref. 3), to facilitate the infection of mice. The level of salp15 expression was selectively enhanced by the presence of B. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 37 (1978), S. 41-57 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The energy content of spider eggs was determined on samples from 12 species representing 6 families. These values ranged from 26.32 to 29.00 joules per mg ash-free dry mass with a mean of 27.30±SE of 0.27. The higher values were found in those species that overwinter as developmental stages within the egg sac. Rates of energy expenditure of developing eggs and spiderlings within the egg sac were only 7 to 19% of those of emerged spiderlings. The energy conserved by this reduction in rate of metabolism may facilitate survival without feeding during the potentially long periods of aerial dispersal by ballooning, a characteristic activity of most newly emerged spiderlings. The variation in mass-specific energy content is less than variation in clutch size and individual egg size on an intra-and interspecific basis. There was no correlation between energy content per unit egg mass and size of the female parent, egg size, or clutch size. Further analysis indicated that no single measure such as clutch size accurately represents the proportional amount of energy invested in reproduction in these animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 11 (1968), S. 321-330 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde nachgewiesen, daß die embryonale Diapause von Aedes atropalpus von der Tageslänge beherrscht wird. Ein nördlicher, aus einer Wildpopulation von 42°N isolierter Stamm wurde mit einem südlichen, aus einer Population von 30° N isolierten, verglichen. Die kritischen Photoperioden der beiden Stämme spiegeln den Breiten-Unterschied ihrer Herkunft wider. Die kritische Photoperiode lag für den nördlichen Stamm zwischen 14 und 15 Stunden Licht pro Tag, die für den südlichen nahe 13 Stunden. Nondiapause-Eier wurden von dem nördlichen Stamm auch bei sehr kurzen Photophasen, von 6 Stunden Licht und weniger, abgelegt. Das sensible Stadium für die Photoperiode-Wahrnehmung lag im 4. Larven- und im Puppenstadium der mütterlichen Generation. Dies ist der erste Fall mütterlicher “Vererbung’ der Diapause, der für Culiciden nachgewiesen wird. Die Wirkung langer Photophasen erwies sich als unabhängig von niederen Temperatur, wodurch deutlich wird, daß die Ablage diapausierender Eier während des Herbstes ein eindeutiger Ausdruck des Einflusses der Kurztage auf die Mücken ist.
    Notes: Abstract Daylength was shown to control embryonic diapause in Aedes atropalpus. A northern and southern strain were studied and their critical photoperiods reflected differences of latitude between the sources of the strains. The sensitive for light reception was the fourth larval instar and pupa of the maternal generation. This is the first instance of maternal induction of diapause to be reported in the family Culicidae. The effect of long photoperiods was shown to be independent from that of low temperature, thereby emphasizing that the deposition of diapausing eggs during fall is clearly an expression of the influence of shorter days on the mosquito.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in higher education 4 (1976), S. 177-183 
    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Keywords: graduate assistant ; teaching assistant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract University administrators, college deans, department chairpersons and directors, faculty members, graduate assistants, and undergraduate students were mailed questionnaires concerning the roles of and attitudes toward graduate assistants at the University of Minnesota. Basic agreement was found to exist among the six groups surveyed with regard to many aspects of graduate assistantships. Graduate assistants were found to have little knowledge of many departmental concerns that directly affect them. The number of formalized policies regulating graduate assistantships was found to vary with the classification of assistantship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 167-174 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relationships between dimensions of book lung subunits were measured and analyzed as a function of body size in diverse spiders over a body mass range of 3.4 to 3,190 mg. Book lungs are the characteristic respiratory gas exchange organs in these arachnids. Actual gas exchange occurs across numerous air-filled cuticular plates, which invaginate hemolymph sinuses within the abdomens of these animals. Characteristic linear dimensions of these air-filled compartments reflecting diffusion paths scaled to the 0.2 power of body mass and showed only a fourfold increase over the size range in the sample. This deviation from isometric scaling in the direction obtained and its numerical similarity to scaling of alveolar dimensions to body size in vertebrates was interpreted as an adaptation to reduce diffusion distances between these compartments and vascular fluids. Conversely, lengths and widths of these plates scaled to the one-third power of body mass, isometric scaling, and increased between six-and eightfold over the size range. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that respiratory gas distribution within spider lungs is achieved by convective mixing as has been recently hypothesized.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The physiology of activity in a large (ca. 30 g) mygalomorph (‘tarantula’) spiderBrachypelma smithi, was investigated for 10 min runs at speeds of 2.0, 2.5, and 5.0 cm/s. No differences in $$\dot V_{O_2 } $$ were observed at the different speeds suggesting that maximum steady-state aerobic metabolism was achieved. These, levels were eight times greater than those measured in resting spiders and in agreement with predictions based on estimates of the functional capacity of their book lungs (Table 3). Heart rates increased from 18 to 58 beats/min during activity (Fig. 4) while ventilation rates increased from 10/h to 114/h (Table 2). Changes in heart rates indicate, systemic hemolymph perfusion is maintained during activity in contradiction to reports suggesting circulation is compromised by fluid pressures generated during hydraulic leg extension in these animals. Hemolymphd-lactate concentrations increased ca. nine fold during running at 5 cm/s from a resting concentration of 1.7 mM. Peak values occurred from one to two h after the end of exercise (Fig. 5). Anaerobic contributions during exercise, via lactate production, accounted for no more than 30% of the total ∼P synthesized (Table 4). Lactate removal was slow: four h after activity, concentrations in the hemolymph remained ca. 8.5 mM (Fig. 5). Maximum $$\dot V_{O_2 } $$ in spiders are much lower than those in active insects, a difference that reflects the effectiveness of tracheal gas exchange of insects compared with respiratory gas transport book lungs and an open circulatory system found in spiders (Table 5). Direct measurements of body temperatures indicate theraphosids are not endothermic during activity.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2018-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7623
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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