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  • 1
    ISSN: 0022-328X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 36 (1989), S. 346 
    ISSN: 0162-0134
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 76-77 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1 Enzyme in fj\. oxygen/ 20 min. Phosphate buffer (0-13 M) Bicarbonate buffer (0 -025 M) ,. + histidine (1 -0 mgra./ml.) ,, + pyrophosphate (1 -0 mgm./ml.) + 8-OHTquinoline(0'l mgm./ml.) +versene (0-1 mgm./ml.) Phosphate buffer + versene 300 65 270 240 300 330 330 N vx ...
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Animal Behaviour 27 (1979), S. 318 
    ISSN: 0003-3472
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediment-bound pollutants ; sediment toxicity tests ; bioavailability ; bivalves ; translocation experiments ; biomarkers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Important Cd contamination has been observed in the Gironde estuary, France, but other metallic and organic pollutants are also present. Since sediment is well-known as a major compartment for the storage of numerous pollutants in aquatic environments, its contribution as a source of pollutants for the biota has been examined according to different methodologies. Geochemical studies have provided estimates of Cd mobility particularly with decreasing pHs and increasing salinity, a result in agreement with the relative abundance of exchangeable Cd and Cd bound to carbonates shown by sequential extraction. When in vitro assays tended to be more realistic with regard to the digestion process in bivalves, Cd extraction at low pH was lowered but was still important compared to Cu or Zn. Moreover, toxicity of Gironde sediments to copepod and sea urchin larval stages (not to oyster larvae) brought indirect evidence of the bioavailability of sediment-bound pollutants. Except the aromatic compound perylene, bioaccumulation in bivalves concerns mainly metals. In oysters they were found preferentially in the soluble phase and, in the cytosol, a strong relationship between cadmium and metallothionein-like proteins has been shown, suggesting a detoxication process in this species. This hypothesis is in agreement with the fact that neither cytopathological effects in gills and digestive glands nor marked changes of condition index were observed. On the other hand, no changes in MTLP levels in mussels were induced by metal accumulation in individuals transplanted from a comparatively unpolluted area (Bay of Bourgneuf). The stability of GST activity may be related to a poor accumulation of aromatic compounds. Changes in MDA concentration, AChE and catalase activities are discussed. Mobility, bioavailability of pollutants, significant responses of biomarkers suggest a potential environmental hazard. However, since interspecific differences occur, is the risk at the level of the whole estuarine ecosystem equilibrium or is it limited to a small number of species?
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 21 (1982), S. 614-619 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Synovial fluid ; viscoelasticity ; hyaluronic acid ; isopycnic ultracentrifugation ; metrizamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Hyaluronic acid (HA) isolated from synovial fluid by CsCl density-gradient ultracentrifugation show a decrease in the viscoelasticity. Metrizamide, a substance used recently for non-ionic density-gradient ultracentrifugation, do not change the rheology of synovial fluid and HA. Thus it may be possible to isolate HA without altering rheological properties.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 19 (1980), S. 642-659 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Rheological investigations were done in concentrated as well as diluted solutions to characterize the solution structure of pathological synovial fluids. By looking at the shear rate dependence of [η] at low shear rates (D ≅ 2,9 ⋅ 10−3 − 4,6 s−1) higher molecular weights were determined than reported before. The so determined molecular weights of hyaluronic acid (HA) are in the range ofM = 2,4 ⋅ 106–12 ⋅ 106 g/mol in inflammatory joint diseases and in non-inflammatory in a range ofM = 3,1 ⋅ 106–11,4 ⋅ 106 g/mol and therefore both are lower than in normal synovial fluids,M = 16,2 ⋅ 106 g/mol. Additional distinctk SB-values indicate a compacter coil of HA macromolecules in the pathological synovial fluid. Quantitative statements can be made to the macromolecular network structure by determination of the critical HA polymer concentration and the number of entanglements resulting from prestationary measurements. The normal synovial fluid is comparable with a very narrow-meshed and dense network, but also in the pathological synovial fluid the HA is not isolated like in a particle solution but forms a much looser entanglement network structure. The reduction of viscosity and elasticity of isolated HA indicate that molecular interactions between HA and other macromolecules in synovial fluid are of essential significance for the rheological behaviour. Measurements of relaxation time at rest as well as shear conditions show a higher segment-flexibility of macromolecular network structure resulting from a reduction of HA-concentration and/or molecular weight in the pathological synovial fluid.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Charakterisierung der Lösungsstruktur pathologischer Synovialflüssigkeiten wurden parallel rheologische Untersuchungen sowohl im Bereich konzentrierter als auch verdünnter Lösungen durchgeführt. Durch die Berücksichtigung der Scherabhängigkeit der Grenzviskositätszahl [η] und Messung bei niedrigen Schergeschwindigkeiten (D ≅ 2,9 ⋅ 10−3 − 4,6 s−1) errechneten sich höhere Molekulargewichte der Hyaluronsäure (HA) als bisher angegeben. Für entzündliche Gelenkergüsse betragen sie (2,4–12,0) ⋅ 106, für nicht entzündliche (3,1–11,4) ⋅ 106 und sind damit gegenüber der normalen Synovia mit 16,2 ⋅ 106 erniedrigt. Unterschiedlichek SB-Werte sprechen zusätzlich für eine stärkere Verknäuelung der HA-Makromoleküle in der pathologischen Synovia. Durch Ermittlung der kritischen Polymerkonzentration der HA sowie der Verhängungszahlenv aus Anlaufmessungen konnten quantitative Aussagen zum makromolekularen Netzwerk getroffen werden. Die normale Synovia entspricht einem sehr engmaschigen und dichten Netz, aber auch in den pathologischen Gelenkflüssigkeiten ist die HA nicht im Sinne einer Partikellösung isoliert, sondern bildet ein, wenn auch lockeres Netzwerk mit wesentlich niedrigerer Verhängungszahl. Eine Erniedrigung der Viskosität und Elastizität isolierter HA weist darauf hin, daß molekulare Wechselwirkungen zwischen HA und anderen Makromolekülen in der Synovialflüssigkeit für das rheologische Verhalten von wesentlicher Bedeutung sind. Relaxationszeitmessungen in Ruhe und unter Scherung zeigten eine vermehrte Segmentbeweglichkeit des Netzwerkes der pathologischen Synovia als Folge der HA-Konzentrationsabnahme und/oder Molekulargewichtsverminderung.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 18 (1979), S. 151-167 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A thorough analysis of the viscoelastic behaviour of 193 synovial fluid samples of knee joints concerning different joint diseases (inflammatory and non-inflammatory) gives no essential diagnostic help in case of clinical problems. Investigations were done particularly on flow curves including the Newtonian viscosityη 0 and normal forces, and with the help of a standardization-method we got master curves. In three cases we also got dynamic properties i.e. the elastic modulusG′ and the loss modulusG″. By comparison of the pathological synovial fluid samples with normal, post-mortem pooled synovial fluid one gets an idea of the degree of disturbance on viscoelasticity. It was found that the reduced concentration and the lower molecular weight of the hyaluronic acid are responsible for the pathological variation of the concentration independent bending timet k as well as the shape of the master curves. Tests on concentrated pathological synovial fluids indicate the beginning formation of micro-gels. In cases of absence of normal forces even after concentration no normal forces could be detected. Therefore the possibility of disturbed intermolecular interactions in pathological synovial fluids will be discussed, too.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die eingehende Analyse des viskoelastischen Verhaltens von 193 Kniegelenkspunktaten verschiedenster entzündlicher und nichtentzündlicher Gelenkerkrankungen ließ keine wesentlichen diagnostischen Hilfen für klinische Problemfälle erkennen. Untersucht wurden im einzelnen Fließkurven einschließlich der Anfangsviskositätη 0 und durch eine Normierungsmethode ermittelte master-curves, sowie Normalspannungen und in 3 Fällen gleichzeitig auch der SpeichermodulG′ und der VerlustmodulG″ mit Hilfe von dynamischen Messungen. Durch Vergleich der pathologischen Gelenkpunktate mit normaler, post mortal gewonnener gepoolter Synovia ließ sich ein Eindruck vom Grad der gestörten Viskoelastizität gewinnen. Dabei lassen die erniedrigten Hyaluronsäure-Konzentrationen, die Veränderungen der konzentrationsunabhängigen Knickzeitt k〉 und die master-curve erkennen, daß hierfür sowohl eine verringerte Konzentration als auch ein geringeres Molekulargewicht der Hyaluronsäure verantwortlich ist. Konzentrierungsversuche pathologischer Synovia ergaben den Hinweis auf die Entstehung von Mikrogelen und ließen in Fällen zuvor fehlender Normalspannungen auch nach der Eindickung keine Normalspannungen erkennen. Es wird deshalb auch die Möglichkeit gestörter intermolekularer Interaktionen in der pathologischen Synovia diskutiert.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 16 (1977), S. 378-384 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In 107 pathological synovial fluid samples of knee joints (47 non-inflammatory, 60 inflammatory) the Weissenberg-Rheogoniometer is used for measurements of viscosity, normal force and a shear modulus obtained by prestationary measurements to calculate the number of molecular entanglements. Viscosity and elasticity of the inflammatory synovial fluids are clearly different from the non-inflammatory group, but the high scattering of the values shows that various pathological conditions lead to the same rheological properties of the synovial fluid. Therefore the rheological results have little diagnostic signification. Variation of the hyaluronic acid concentrations are responsible only in part for the pathological synovial fluid rheology. A normalization method for the synovial fluid viscosity suggests differences in the polymerisation of the hyaluronic acid in inflammatory and non-inflammatory synovial fluids.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe des Weissenberg-Rheogoniometers wurden an 107 pathologischen Kniegelenkspunktaten (47 nicht entzündliche, 60 entzündliche) das viskose Fließverhalten, Normalkräfte und anhand von Anlaufmessungen ein Schermodul zur Berechnung der Anzahl molekularer Verhängungen bestimmt. Viskoses und elastisches Verhalten der entzündlichen Gelenkergüsse unterscheiden sich zwar deutlich von dem der nichtentzündlichen Ergüsse, die hohe Streuung der Werte weist jedoch darauf hin, daß verschiedene pathogenetische Vorgänge zu den gleichen rheologischen Eigenschaften der Synovia führen können. Daher ist der differentialdiagnostische Aussagewert der rheologischen Untersuchungsergebnisse gering. Hyaluronsäure-Konzentrationsänderungen sind nur zum Teil für die pathologische Rheologie der Synovia verantwortlich. Die Anwendung einer Normierungsmethode auf die Viskosität der Synovia läßt Unterschiede im Polymerisationsgrad der Hyaluronsäure in entzündlichen und nicht entzündlichen Ergüssen erkennen.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 301 (1980), S. 146-147 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Blutserum ; neues Kontrollserum auf Ethylenglykolbasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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