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  • 1
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    OH in diopside and enstatite at 6 GPa in the system CaO-MgO-SiO2-H2O (2013)
    Schweizerbart
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-04
    Description: Single crystals of pure diopside (CaMgSi 2 O 6 ) were synthesized at 6 GPa or 8 GPa and between 1300 °C and 1150 °C under water-saturated conditions coexisting with forsterite + enstatite, enstatite + coesite, wollastonite + coesite or forsterite + wollastonite, and the incorporation mechanisms of OH in the pyroxenes in the respective phase assemblage were studied by FTIR-spectroscopy. The IR spectra of diopside exhibit two different OH-absorption bands: one prominent band at 3357 cm –1 that appears in all spectra, whereas another band at 3598 cm –1 only appears in spectra of diopside synthesized under lower silica activity ( i.e ., coexisting with forsterite). The band at 3598 cm –1 indicates a low availability of Si and can be assigned to tetrahedral OH-defects (T-site vacancies), while the band at 3357 cm –1 can be assigned to octahedral defects (M-site vacancies). Enstatite crystals from the assemblages diopside + enstatite + coesite and diopside + enstatite + forsterite exhibit an additional absorption band at 3436 cm –1 when compared to enstatite synthesized in the system MgO–SiO 2 –H 2 O. This absorption band could be caused by generation of additional hydrous defects due to the incorporation of Ca that amounts up to 1.8 wt% CaO in enstatite coexisting with diopside. The water content of diopside coexisting with enstatite and coesite clusters around 145 ppm (wt), while the water content of diopside from all other phase assemblages clusters around 60 ppm (wt). The new results suggest that the water content in pyroxenes correlates with silica activity during formation.
    Print ISSN: 0935-1221
    Electronic ISSN: 1617-4011
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Schweizerbart
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  • 2
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    Cerebral hemorrhage after passive anti-Abeta immunotherapy (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pfeifer, M -- Boncristiano, S -- Bondolfi, L -- Stalder, A -- Deller, T -- Staufenbiel, M -- Mathews, P M -- Jucker, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 15;298(5597):1379.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Pathology, University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12434053" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/pathology/therapy ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/analysis/*immunology ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Capillary Permeability ; Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy/metabolism/pathology/*therapy ; Cerebral Hemorrhage/*etiology ; Humans ; Immunization, Passive/*adverse effects ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neocortex/blood supply/chemistry/pathology ; Peptide Fragments/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Benthic Foraminifer Assemblages from Norwegian Cold-Water Coral Reefs (2013)
    Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-23
    Description: Quantitative investigations on the total (living + dead) benthic foraminiferal assemblages were performed on 32 surface-sediment samples (0–2 cm, .63-mm size fraction) from water depths ranging from 110–600 m (‘‘on-reef’’) to .2000 m (‘‘off-reef’’) in the Oslo Fjord (Skagerrak Basin), the mid-Norwegian slope (Sula, Røst, and Trænadjupet reefs), and the northern coral-reef areas in Norway (Korallen, Lopphavet, Stjernsundet, and Sveinsgrunnen reefs). Seven other samples were investigated for their living (stained) and dead (unstained) assemblages. Hierarchical cluster analysis allows the recognition of five benthic species groups linked to foraminiferal microhabitats from on- and off-reef environments as follows: I) shallow ‘‘off-reef’’ areas of the Oslo Fjord, II) deep-sea .1800-m water depth, and III) bathyal between 800–1800 m, and ‘‘on-reef’’ areas of IV) the Skagerrak and V) the shelf and upper continental slope of the mid- and nothern Norwegian margin. The benthic foraminiferal fauna associated with the declining coral reefs in the Oslo Fjord suggests that a low amount of labile organic matter and/or nutrients reach the sea floor making the environment unfavorable for coral growth, reconfirming the previous results on direct measurements of the organic matter. This study indicates that foraminifers can be used as a tool for the characterization of cold-water coral-reef environments.
    Print ISSN: 0096-1191
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research
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  • 4
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    Pan-STARRS and PESSTO search for an optical counterpart to the LIGO gravitational-wave source GW150914 (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-05
    Description: We searched for an optical counterpart to the first gravitational-wave source discovered by LIGO (GW150914), using a combination of the Pan-STARRS1 wide-field telescope and the Public ESO Spectroscopic Survey of Transient Objects (PESSTO) spectroscopic follow-up programme. As the final LIGO sky maps changed during analysis, the total probability of the source being spatially coincident with our fields was finally only 4.2 per cent. Therefore, we discuss our results primarily as a demonstration of the survey capability of Pan-STARRS and spectroscopic capability of PESSTO. We mapped out 442 deg 2 of the northern sky region of the initial map. We discovered 56 astrophysical transients over a period of 41 d from the discovery of the source. Of these, 19 were spectroscopically classified and a further 13 have host galaxy redshifts. All transients appear to be fairly normal supernovae (SNe) and AGN variability and none is obviously linked with GW150914. We illustrate the sensitivity of our survey by defining parametrized light curves with time-scales of 4, 20 and 40 d and use the sensitivity of the Pan-STARRS1 images to set limits on the luminosities of possible sources. The Pan-STARRS1 images reach limiting magnitudes of i P1 = 19.2, 20.0 and 20.8, respectively, for the three time-scales. For long time-scale parametrized light curves (with full width half-maximum ~=40 d), we set upper limits of $M_i \le -17.2^{-0.9}_{+1.4}$ if the distance to GW150914 is D L = 400 ± 200 Mpc. The number of Type Ia SN we find in the survey is similar to that expected from the cosmic SN rate, indicating a reasonably complete efficiency in recovering SN like transients out to D L = 400 ± 200 Mpc.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Baryon content of massive galaxy clusters at 0.57 〈 z 〈 1.33 (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-04
    Description: We study the stellar, brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) and intracluster medium (ICM) masses of 14 South Pole Telescope (SPT) selected galaxy clusters with median redshift z  = 0.9 and mass M 500  = 6  x  10 14 M . We estimate stellar masses for each cluster and BCG using six photometric bands, the ICM mass using X-ray observations and the virial masses using the SPT Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect signature. At z  = 0.9, the BCG mass $M_{\star }^{\mathrm{BCG}}$ constitutes 0.12 ± 0.01 per cent of the halo mass for a 6  x  10 14 M cluster, and this fraction falls as $M_{500}^{-0.58\pm 0.07}$ . The cluster stellar mass function has a characteristic mass M 0  = 10 11.0 ± 0.1 M , and the number of galaxies per unit mass in clusters is larger than in the field by a factor of 1.65 ± 0.20. We combine our SPT sample with previously published samples at low redshift and correct to a common initial mass function and for systematic virial mass differences. We then explore mass and redshift trends in the stellar fraction f * , the ICM fraction f ICM , the collapsed baryon fraction f c and the baryon fraction f b . At a pivot mass of 6  x  10 14 M and redshift z  = 0.9, the characteristic values are f * = 1.1 ± 0.1 per cent, f ICM = 9.6 ± 0.5 per cent, f c = 10.7 ± 1.1 per cent and f b = 10.7 ± 0.6 per cent. These fractions all vary with cluster mass at high significance, with higher mass clusters having lower f * and f c and higher f ICM and f b . When accounting for a 15 per cent systematic virial mass uncertainty, there is no statistically significant redshift trend at fixed mass. Our results support the scenario where clusters grow through accretion from subclusters (higher f * , lower f ICM ) and the field (lower f * , higher f ICM ), balancing to keep f * and f ICM approximately constant since z  ~ 0.9.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    Experimental hydration of natural volcanic clinopyroxene phenocrysts under hydrothermal pressures (0.5-3 kbar) (2016)
    Mineralogical Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-08
    Description: Water is a key parameter in mantle rheology, magma genesis, magma evolution, and resulting eruption styles, because it controls the density and the viscosity, as well as the melting and crystallization behavior of a melt. The water content in nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) such as clinopyroxene recently has been used as a proxy for magmatic water contents. NAMs, however, may dehydrate during magma degassing and eruption. We performed rehydration experiments on potentially degassed clinopyroxene phenocrysts from various volcanic settings. The experiments were conducted in hydrogen gas at 1 atm or hydrothermal pressures ranging from 0.5 to 3 kbar to test the incorporation of water into natural clinopyroxene under water fugacities similar to those in a volcanic system. Our results show a dependence of the water content in the clinopyroxene crystals with pressure as the phenocrysts begin to dehydrate upon lower water fugacities in the experiments. Water loss or gain in a crystal occurs according to the relatively fast redox-reaction OH – + Fe 2+ O 2– + Fe 3+ + 1/2 H 2 , which was confirmed by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The kinetics of this redox-process are independent of pressure and thus water fugacity. Water contents in rehydrated clinopyroxene crystals can be related to magmatic water contents at various levels in a volcanic system. Our results thus show that the water content in erupted clinopyroxene phenocrysts cannot be taken for granted to be representative of magmatic water contents prior to magma degassing. The conducted experiments indicate the simultaneous dehydration of clinopyroxene along with magma ascent and degassing. Rehydration experiments under hydrothermal pressures, however, may be able to reconstruct clinopyroxene water contents at crystallization prior to dehydration.
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of America
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction force detection in scanning probe microscopy: Methods and applications (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 72 (1992), S. 1778-1798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fundamental aspects of interaction force detection and force microscopy are discussed. A formalism is developed for studying the dynamics of experimental setups in general terms. The analysis focuses on stability criteria and resonant properties of the force sensor. The latter are important for measuring interaction force gradients. Experimental techniques used for interaction force detection are examined in detail. Finally, experimental results are presented that demonstrate the potential of combining atomic scale interaction force detection with scanning tunneling microscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.352348
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nanoguitar: Oscillating string as force sensor (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 3576-3579 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A force sensor is presented that makes use of an oscillating string. In a conventional scanning force microscopy setup comprising a tip and a sample consisting of a flexible cantilever beam, a string is attached to the free end of the beam along its deflection axis. Changes of the tip–sample interaction force modify the string tension and hence the resonance frequency of transverse oscillations. These oscillations can have amplitudes of the order of microns without causing noticeable wavering of the cantilever beam. This kind of sensor is particularly suitable for applications that require a stiff sensor. A prototype was built using a carbon fiber 5 μm in diameter and 4 mm in length, oscillating at 4 kHz. A force resolution of 2.5 nN was achieved in vacuum for a response time of 1 ms and a sensor stiffness of 160 N/m. For a conventional beam deflection sensor of equal stiffness this corresponds to a deflection sensitivity of 0.015 nm. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145472
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrahigh vacuum compatible cooling and vibration isolation stage (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 64 (1993), S. 3644-3646 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A scheme is described that resolves the problem of coupling sensitive equipment to a heat exchanger while retaining excellent isolation against vibrations in an ultrahigh vacuum environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144244
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of yielding mechanics in nanometer-sized Au contacts (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 68 (1996), S. 637-639 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Yielding properties of Au point contacts of nanometer-scale dimensions have been studied using a scanning tunneling microscope supplemented by a force sensor for measuring tip–sample forces. The contacts are made by indenting the tip typically 10 nm into the substrate, whereby an adhesion neck is formed. Three consecutive deformation phases of the neck can be identified during retraction of the tip: (1) buildup of tensile stress, (2) incomplete fracture, and (3) quasicontinuous plastic flow. Finally the neck breaks when a maximum of three to four atoms are left in the contact. In the plastic flow regime, the conductance and thus the contact area shrink exponentially with elongation of the neck, suggesting that plastic deformation occurs locally within 5 to 6 atomic layers. The stress applied during plastic flow is initially of the order of 10 GPa and gradually increases to (approximately-equal-to) 20 GPa shortly before the neck breaks. Accounting for a surface force contribution, an intrinsic yield strength of the order of 5 to 8 GPa is obtained, which is more than one order of magnitude larger than the macroscopic yield strength of Au. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116493
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