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  • 1
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    Sudden Expansion of a One-Dimensional Bose Gas from Power-Law Traps (2015)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-28
    Description: Author(s): A. S. Campbell, D. M. Gangardt, and K. V. Kheruntsyan We analyze free expansion of a trapped one-dimensional Bose gas after a sudden release from the confining trap potential. By using the stationary phase and local density approximations, we show that the long-time asymptotic density profile and the momentum distribution of the gas are determined by t... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 125302] Published Fri Mar 27, 2015
    Keywords: Condensed Matter: Structure, etc.
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 2
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    CD1d-restricted immunoglobulin G formation to GPI-anchored antigens mediated by NKT cells (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-08
    Description: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses require major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted recognition of peptide fragments by conventional CD4(+) helper T cells. Immunoglobulin G responses to glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)- anchored protein antigens, however, were found to be regulated in part through CD1d-restricted recognition of the GPI moiety by thymus-dependent, interleukin-4-producing CD4(+), natural killer cell antigen 1.1 [(NK1.1)+] helper T cells. The CD1-NKT cell pathway regulated immunogobulin G responses to the GPI-anchored surface antigens of Plasmodium and Trypanosoma and may be a general mechanism for rapid, MHC-unrestricted antibody responses to diverse pathogens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schofield, L -- McConville, M J -- Hansen, D -- Campbell, A S -- Fraser-Reid, B -- Grusby, M J -- Tachado, S D -- AI-40171/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM 41071/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 8;283(5399):225-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Post Office, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia. schofield@wehi.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9880256" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen Presentation ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology ; Antigens/analysis ; Antigens, CD1/*immunology ; Antigens, Ly ; Antigens, Protozoan/*immunology ; Antigens, Surface ; Cells, Cultured ; Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/*immunology ; Immunoglobulin G/*biosynthesis ; Interleukin-4/biosynthesis ; Lectins, C-Type ; Leishmania mexicana/immunology ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B ; Plasmodium/immunology ; Proteins/analysis ; Protozoan Proteins/immunology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/*immunology ; Trypanosoma brucei brucei/immunology ; Variant Surface Glycoproteins, Trypanosoma/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allophane isolated from a podsol developed on a non-vitric parent material (1980)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 284 (1980), S. 46-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The close similarity of the properties of naturally occurring soil allophanes and synthetic aluminosilicate gels6,7 suggests that the former are likely to have formed by precipitation from solution. If such a solution mechanism is involved, a vitric parent material should not be an essential ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/284046a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of imogolite in soils using solid state 29 Si NMR (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 616-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] X-ray diffraction is useful for identifying long range order in materials; that is, order brought about by alignment of large numbers of atoms such as that existing in the crystalline state. NMR, however, gives information about localized bonding. Largest effects are observed from changes in ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/299616a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of methods for studying the dissolution of phosphate fertilizers of differing solubility in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 11-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: chemical extraction ; monocalcium phosphate ; partially acidulated phosphate rock ; phosphate dissolution ; phosphate rock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The dissolution of three phosphate fertilizers, ground (〈150µm) North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR), NCPR 30% acidulated with phosphoric acid (NCPAPR), and monocalcium phosphate (MCP) were studied using six chemical extraction methods, 0.5M NaOH followed by 1M HCl extractable P, 0.5M BaCl2 (buffered at pH = 8.1 with triethanolamine, BaCl2/TEA) extractable Ca, Olsen P, Bray I P and water extractable P. Two soils were used, Tekapo fine sandy loam and Craigieburn silt loam. Extractions were made after the fertilizers were incubated with the soils at the rates of 75,150 and 750µg P g−1 soil for 1, 8, 24, 51 and 111 days. Percentage dissolution of the PR-containing fertilizers was found to differ significantly between the extractants, 0.5M NaOH, 1M HCl and 0.5M BaCl2/TEA. These differences in estimated dissolution rates between methods were attributed to differences in the recovery rates of P or Ca between methods, which depended on the type of the extractant, soil P-retention capacity or Ca-saturation, and on the fertilizer application rate. No one method was found to be clearly better than others in studying PR dissolution in soils. The 0.5M NaOH extractable P was poorly related to water extractable P (R2 = 0.55 and 0.13 in Tekapo and Craigieburn soils respectively), Olsen P (R2 = 0.88 and 0.78) and Bray I P (R2= 0.88 and 0.78). The average rates of PR dissolution measured by the isotopic method (Fin) were higher than those measured by 0.5M NaOH, 1M HCl and 0.5M BaCl2/TEA methods for the periods of 1–50 and 50–111 days of soil-fertilizer contact. The descrepancy was attributed to a plant effect on PR dissolution and to a recycling effect of fertilizer P (i.e. fertilizer P which had been transformed to slowly exchangeable forms, during incubation, fluxing back to exchangeable P pool, during the labelling trial) both accounted for by Fin values but not by extraction-derived values. The changes of water extractable P, Bray I P and Olsen P with incubation time were in agreement with those predicted by Fin and Fout values. This suggests that Fin and Fout are two important parameters indicating the rates of phosphate release to and retention from plant available P pool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750058
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of methods for studying the dissolution of phosphate fertilizers of differing solubility in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 19-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: chemical extraction ; isotopic exchange ; monocalcium phosphate ; partially acidulated phosphate rock ; phosphate dissolution ; phosphate rock ; plant response ; RAE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Relationships between plant response and rates of dissolution of ground (〈 150µm) North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR), NCPR 30% acidulated with phosphoric acid (NCPAPR) and monocalcium phosphate (MCP) were assessed in pot experiments. The three fertilizers were incubated for 1, 50 and 111 days, at the rates of 75, 150 and 750µg P g−1 soil, using two soils with different P-retention capacity. After each period of incubation, four pots were set up from each treatment, and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was grown in a growth chamber for about six weeks to assess the agronomic effectiveness of the fertilizers. Results in dry matter yield and P uptake showed that immediately following application (1 day incubation), the MCP (solution) was supplying more P to plants than either the NCPR or the NCPAPR applied at the same rate. After 50 and 111 days of incubation, the NCPR and NCPAPR were just as effective in the lower P-retention Tekapo soil. The relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of the NCPR and NCPAPR compared with MCP was generally poorer in the higher P-retention Craigieburn soil than in the Tekapo soil shortly after application, but improved with time of incubation. Ryegrass responses to the application of the three fertilizers corresponded to the changing trends of exchangeable P in the soils, measured by the isotopic method. Regressions were made between plant P uptake and indices describing the intensity factor (water extractable P), quantity factor (Bray I P, Olsen P, 0.5M NaOH extractable P and isotopic exchangeable P) and the kinetic factor (Fin) of soil P supply to plants in the Tekapo soil. The percentage of variation in plant P uptake explained by individual indices was generally less than 80%, no matter which of the three single variable models, the Mitscherlich, the quadratic or the power function was fitted. However, more than 96% of the variation in plant P uptake in the Tekapo soil could be explained by the power function models involving two variables. The rate of P dissolution (Fin) determined by the isotopic dilution method was included in all the two variable models. The results suggest that assessment of soil P supply to plants should consider the kinetic factor in addition to the intensity and quantity factors, particularly where P fertilizers with differing solubility are applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750059
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of methods for studying the dissolution of phosphate fertilizers of differing solubility in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: isotopic exchange ; monocalcium phosphate ; 32P ; partially acidulated phosphate rock ; phosphate release ; phosphate retention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An isotopic exchange method, based on tracer kinetic theory, was used to study the dissolution (Fin) and retention (Fout) of Phosphate (P) fertilizers in the soil. This method involves labelling of the soil with carrier-free32P-phosphate ions, and monitoring changes with time of specific activity of isotopically exchangeable phosphate in the soil as extracted by plants, and of the amounts of readily exchangeable P. To assess this method, experiments were carried out to determine the rates of release and retention of phosphate from three fertilizers, monocalcium phosphate (MCP), ground North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR 〈 150µm), and 30% acidulated (with phosphoric acid) NCPR (NCPAPR), in two soils, Tekapo fine sandy loam and Craigieburn silt loam. MCP was applied at 75 and 150µg g−1 soil; NCPR was applied at 150 and 750µg g−1 soil; and NCPAPR was applied at 150µg g−1 soil. After 1, 50 and 111 days of incubation, the treated soil samples were labelled with carrier-free32P-phosphate ions, and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was grown to sample specific activity in these samples. Results showed that the changing patterns of exchangeable P in the soils as affected by fertilizer solubility and application rate could be clearly explained by the values of Fin and Fout. With increasing period of soil-fertilizer contact, the P added in the form of MCP solution was rapidly transformed into non-exchangeable forms (high Fout value). Exchangeable P in the NCPR and NCPAPR treated soils were maintained at steady concentrations for extended periods due to the continued release of P from the fertilizer material (steady Fin) and lower rates of P retention by the soil (smaller Fout). The dissolution rate of NCPR at the lower application rate was smaller in absolute terms, but greater in relative terms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750057
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of partial acidulation on chemical and mineralogical characteristics of residual phosphate rocks (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: apatite cell dimensions ; chemical characteristics ; chemical solubility ; partial acidulation ; phosphate rock ; residual phosphate rock ; X-ray diffraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Original phosphate rocks (PR) and water insoluble residues (WIR) from mixtures of reactive PRs and single superphosphate, known commercially as longlife single superphosphate (LLSSP), and from partially acidulated PRs (PAPR), were compared in terms of their elemental content, chemical reactivity as indicated by the apatite unit cell ‘a’ dimension and solubility. Phosphate rock reactivity is known to be inversely related to the ‘a’ dimension. Partial acidulation (20%) with commercial grade phosphoric acid resulted in an increase in aluminium (Al), iron (Fe) and fluoride (F) concentrations in the WIRs. The apatite ‘a’ dimensions of WIRs from LLSSPs were greater than those of the respective original North Carolina (NC), Khouribga (KR), Jordan (JR), Sechura (SE) and Arad (AR) PRs added to single superphosphate (SSP), made from Nauru PR (NR)) to produce the LLSSPs. This was attributed to the presence of the less reactive NR in the WIRs left-over from the SSP. Partial acidulation with phosphoric acid increased the apatite ‘a’ dimensions of NC and ElHassa (EH) PRs. The increase in apatite ‘a’ dimension of NC and EH was probably due to selective dissolution of a more reactive fraction of the PRs during partial acidulation. Changes in the apatite ‘a’ dimension following partial acidulation with phosphoric acid were not significant for the other PRs studied, e.g. Gafsa (GF), KR and AR, although differential X-ray diffractograms (DXRD) indicated that the material dissolved during partial acidulation was more reactive than the WIRs and the original PRs. The apatite ‘a’ dimension of NC PR was not affected by pretreatment with 2% or 4% citric acid (CTA). The contrasting response in ‘a’ of NC PR to acidulation with phosphoric and citric acids may be related to differences in the strength of these acids, and/or to the differing environments under which the reactions took place. The 2% CTA and formic acid (FMA) solubilities of the WIRs from LLSSPs and PAPRs were markedly lower than those of the original PRs. This reduction in solubility of PRs following partial acidulation was probably related to changes in mineralogical and chemical composition of the WIRs as indicated by the increases in apatite ‘a’ dimension of some residual PRs and shifts in peak positions in DXRD, to increases in the concentrations of Fe, Al and F compounds, and to coating effects of PR particles by Fe, Al and F compounds. This, in turn, may reduce the agronomic value of the residual PR component of PAPR and LLSSP fertilizers, particularly over the short-term. The solubility of residual PRs following pretreatment with 2% or 4% CTA was slightly lower than that of the original PRs. The pretreatment caused no significant change in the apatite ‘a’ dimension of NC PR. The complexing effects of CTA and its lack of Fe and Al impurities may have prevented the formation of Fe, Al and F compounds. The effect of citric acid on PR reactivity is thus quite different from that of the mineral acids used to prepare LLSSPs and PAPRs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750245
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of organic carbon and clay to cation exchange capacity in a chronosequence of sandy soils (1970)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 33 (1970), S. 104-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary CEC and oxidisable carbon content were highly correlated (r=0.96) whereas a lower coefficient was obtained for a correlation of CEC and clay content (r=0.57) in a chronosequence of sandy soils from New Zealand. Partial regression coefficients for oxidisable carbon were highly significant in multiple regression equations for all soil groupings whereas in only one equation was the coefficient for clay significant. The CEC of the organic matter for all soils was 1.4 me/g and this value decreased from 1.64 me/g in the young soils to 1.22 me/g in old soils. Peroxidation of selected surface samples caused a reduction in CEC but the results indicated that the clay fractions had a considerably higher CEC (0.57 me/g) than that inferred from multiple regression equations for untreated samples. Selective dissolution analysis indicated that the clay fractions of these soils contained an appreciable amount of amorphous material. Reduction in the CEC of the clay fraction apparently occurs through a blocking by organic matter of the negative charge of the clay components.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01378202
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of organic carbon and clay to cation exchange capacity in a chronosequence of sandy soils (1970)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 33 (1970), S. 104-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary CEC and oxidisable carbon content were highly correlated (r=0.96) whereas a lower coefficient was obtained for a correlation of CEC and clay content (r=0.57) in a chronosequence of sandy soils from New Zealand. Partial regression coefficients for oxidisable carbon were highly significant in multiple regression equations for all soil groupings whereas in only one equation was the coefficient for clay significant. The CEC of the organic matter for all soils was 1.4 me/g and this value decreased from 1.64 me/g in the young soils to 1.22 me/g in old soils. Peroxidation of selected surface samples caused a reduction in CEC but the results indicated that the clay fractions had a considerably higher CEC (0.57 me/g) than that inferred from multiple regression equations for untreated samples. Selective dissolution analysis indicated that the clay fractions of these soils contained an appreciable amount of amorphous material. Reduction in the CEC of the clay fraction apparently occurs through a blocking by organic matter of the negative charge of the clay components.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01378202
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