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  • 1
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    Resilience and reactivity of global food security [Environmental Sciences] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-03
    Description: The escalating food demand by a growing and increasingly affluent global population is placing unprecedented pressure on the limited land and water resources of the planet, underpinning concerns over global food security and its sensitivity to shocks arising from environmental fluctuations, trade policies, and market volatility. Here, we use country-specific...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Scaling body size fluctuations [Ecology] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-03-20
    Description: The size of an organism matters for its metabolic, growth, mortality, and other vital rates. Scale-free community size spectra (i.e., size distributions regardless of species) are routinely observed in natural ecosystems and are the product of intra- and interspecies regulation of the relative abundance of organisms of different sizes. Intra-...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    Predictability of biological invasion fronts [Physics] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-08
    Description: Biological dispersal shapes species’ distribution and affects their coexistence. The spread of organisms governs the dynamics of invasive species, the spread of pathogens, and the shifts in species ranges due to climate or environmental change. Despite its relevance for fundamental ecological processes, however, replicated experimentation on biological dispersal is lacking,...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 4
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    Scale-dependent effects of solar radiation patterns on the snow-dominated hydrologic response (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Description: Solar radiation is a dominant driver of snowmelt dynamics and streamflow generation in Alpine catchments. A better understanding of how solar radiation patterns affect the hydrologic response is needed to assess when calibrated temperature-index models are likely to be spatially-transferable for eco-hydrological applications. We induce different solar radiation patterns in a Swiss Alpine catchment through virtual rotations of the digital elevation model. Streamflow simulations are performed at different spatial scales through a spatially-explicit hydrological model coupled to a physically-based snow model. Results highlight that the effects of solar radiation patterns on the hydrologic response are scale-dependent, i.e. significant at small scales with predominant aspects and weak at larger scales where aspects become uncorrelated and orientation differences average out. Such scale-dependence proves relevant for the spatial transferability of a temperature-index model, whose calibrated degree-day factors are stable to different solar radiation patterns at catchment sizes larger than the aspect correlation scale.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    Thermodynamics in the hydrologic response: Travel time formulation and application to Alpine catchments (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-16
    Description: This paper presents a spatially-explicit model for hydro-thermal response simulations of Alpine catchments, accounting for advective and non-advective energy fluxes in stream networks characterized by arbitrary degrees of geomorphological complexity. The relevance of the work stems from the increasing scientific interest concerning the impacts of the warming climate on water resources management and temperature-controlled ecological processes. The description of the advective energy fluxes is cast in a travel time formulation of water and energy transport, resulting in a closed form solution for water temperature evolution in the soil compartment. The application to Alpine catchments hinges on the boundary conditions provided by the fully-distributed and physically-based snow model Alpine3D. The performance of the simulations is illustrated by comparing modeled and measured hydrographs and thermographs at the outlet of the Dischma catchment (45km 2 ) in the Swiss Alps. The Monte Carlo calibration shows that the model is robust and that a simultaneous fitting of streamflow and stream temperature reduces the uncertainty in the hydrological parameters estimation. The calibrated model also provides a good fit to the measurements in the validation period, suggesting that it could be employed for predictive applications, both for hydrological and ecological purposes. The temperature of the subsurface flow, as described by the proposed travel time formulation, proves warmer than the stream temperature during winter and colder during summer. Finally, the spatially-explicit results of the model during snowmelt show a notable hydro-thermal spatial variability in the river network, owing to the small spatial correlation of infiltration and meteorological forcings in Alpine regions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Hydrologic controls and anthropogenic drivers of the zebra mussel invasion of the Mississippi-Missouri river system (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-31
    Description: We propose a novel ecohydrological model for the invasion of inland waters by the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha and test it against field data gathered within the Mississippi-Missouri river system in North America. This biological invasion poses major ecological and economic threats, especially due to the huge population densities reached by local zebra mussel colonies and the species' unparalleled dispersal abilities within fluvial systems. We focus on a quantitative evaluation, attempted here for the first time, of the individual roles and the mutual interactions of drivers and controls of the Mississippi-Missouri invasion. To this end, we use a multilayer network model accounting explicitly for zebra mussel demographic dynamics, hydrologic transport, and dispersal due to anthropic activities. By testing our results against observations, we show that hydrologic transport alone is not sufficient to explain the spread of the species at the basin scale. We also quantify the role played by commercial navigation in promoting the initial, selective colonization of the river system, and show how recreational boating may have determined the capillary penetration of the species into the water system. The role of post-establishment dispersal mechanisms and the effectiveness of possible prevention measures are also discussed in the context of model sensitivity and robustness to reparametrization.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Correction to “Dominant controls on pesticide transport from tile to catchment scale: Lessons from a minimalist model” (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-09-22
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Temporal dynamics of blue and green virtual water trade networks (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-07-12
    Description: Global food security increasingly relies on the trade of food commodities. Freshwater resources are essential to agricultural production and are thus embodied in the trade of food commodities, referred to as “virtual water trade.” Agricultural production predominantly relies on rainwater (i.e., “green water”), though irrigation (i.e., “blue water”) does play an important role. These different sources of water have distinctly different opportunity costs, which may be reflected in the way these resources are traded. Thus, the temporal dynamics of the virtual water trade networks from these distinct water sources require characterization. We find that 42 × 109 m3 blue and 310 × 109 m3 green water was traded in 1986, growing to 78 × 109 m3 blue and 594 × 109 m3 green water traded in 2008. Three nations dominate the export of green water resources: the USA, Argentina, and Brazil. As a country increases its export trade partners it tends to export relatively more blue water. However, as a country increases its import trade partners it does not preferentially import water from a specific source. The amount of virtual water that a country imports by increasing its import trade partners has been decreasing over time, with the exception of the soy trade. Both blue and green virtual water networks are efficient: 119 × 109 m3 blue and 105 × 109 m3 green water were saved in 2008. Importantly, trade has been increasingly saving water over time, due to the intensification of crop trade on more water-efficient links.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Dominant controls on pesticide transport from tile to catchment scale: Lessons from a minimalist model (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-25
    Description: This paper proposes a minimalist modeling approach for characterizing pesticide concentrations in runoff from agricultural catchments across spatial scales. The model proposed is of an intermediate level of complexity between traditional chromatographic separation models and the more complex dual-domain models. Parsimony in the model is achieved by assuming stationarity of catchment travel time distributions and by coupling a dual-domain source zone model that describes near-surface pesticide dynamics with the mass response function (MRF) approach, which describes catchment-scale solute transport. The model is evaluated by comparing predicted atrazine concentrations with measured values over a 5 yr period at two spatial scales (tile drain: 3–5 ha; river station: 69 km2) within an intensively managed agricultural catchment in Illinois, United States. Pesticide dynamics within the source zone provided the strongest control on leaching. Two parameters were calibrated at the tile scale, Γ, which describes partitioning in the dual-domain surficial source zone, and ke, which describes the mass transfer rate constant between the two domains. The initial peak of concentration was found to be sensitive to Γ, while the later peaks were sensitive to ke. The calibrated parameters at the tile stations were used to predict atrazine dynamics at the river station. Prediction errors are examined and related to the lack of detailed information about anthropogenic forcings across scales (e.g., land-use or soil/crop management practices).
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Stochastic modeling of salt accumulation in the root zone due to capillary flux from brackish groundwater (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-09-07
    Description: Groundwater can be a source of both water and salts in semiarid areas, and therefore, capillary pressure–induced upward water flow may cause root zone salinization. To identify which conditions result in hazardous salt concentrations in the root zone, we combined the mass balance equations for salt and water, further assuming a Poisson-distributed daily rainfall and brackish groundwater quality. For the water fluxes (leaching, capillary upflow, and evapotranspiration), we account for osmotic effects of the dissolved salt mass using Van‘t Hoff's law. Root zone salinity depends on salt transport via capillary flux and on evapotranspiration, which concentrates salt in the root zone. Both a wet climate and shallow groundwater lead to wetter root zone conditions, which in combination with periodic rainfall enhances salt removal by leaching. For wet climates, root zone salinity (concentrations) increases as groundwater is more shallow (larger groundwater influence). For dry climates, salinity increases as groundwater is deeper because of a drier root zone and less leaching. For intermediate climates, opposing effects can push the salt balance either way. Root zone salinity increases almost linearly with groundwater salinity. With a simple analytical approximation, maximum concentrations can be related to the mean capillary flow rate, leaching rate, water saturation, and groundwater salinity for different soils, climates, and groundwater depths.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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