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  • 1
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    Observations of the north polar region of Mars from the Mars orbiter laser altimeter (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-16
    Description: Elevations from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) have been used to construct a precise topographic map of the martian north polar region. The northern ice cap has a maximum elevation of 3 kilometers above its surroundings but lies within a 5-kilometer-deep hemispheric depression that is contiguous with the area into which most outflow channels emptied. Polar cap topography displays evidence of modification by ablation, flow, and wind and is consistent with a primarily H2O composition. Correlation of topography with images suggests that the cap was more spatially extensive in the past. The cap volume of 1.2 x 10(6) to 1.7 x 10(6) cubic kilometers is about half that of the Greenland ice cap. Clouds observed over the polar cap are likely composed of CO2 that condensed out of the atmosphere during northern hemisphere winter. Many clouds exhibit dynamical structure likely caused by the interaction of propagating wave fronts with surface topography.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zuber, M T -- Smith, D E -- Solomon, S C -- Abshire, J B -- Afzal, R S -- Aharonson, O -- Fishbaugh, K -- Ford, P G -- Frey, H V -- Garvin, J B -- Head, J W -- Ivanov, A B -- Johnson, C L -- Muhleman, D O -- Neumann, G A -- Pettengill, G H -- Phillips, R J -- Sun, X -- Zwally, H J -- Banerdt, W B -- Duxbury, T C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):2053-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. zuber@tharsis.gsfc.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851922" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Carbon Dioxide ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Ice ; *Mars ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    The global topography of Mars and implications for surface evolution (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-29
    Description: Elevations measured by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter have yielded a high-accuracy global map of the topography of Mars. Dominant features include the low northern hemisphere, the Tharsis province, and the Hellas impact basin. The northern hemisphere depression is primarily a long-wavelength effect that has been shaped by an internal mechanism. The topography of Tharsis consists of two broad rises. Material excavated from Hellas contributes to the high elevation of the southern hemisphere and to the scarp along the hemispheric boundary. The present topography has three major drainage centers, with the northern lowlands being the largest. The two polar cap volumes yield an upper limit of the present surface water inventory of 3.2 to 4.7 million cubic kilometers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, D E -- Zuber, M T -- Solomon, S C -- Phillips, R J -- Head, J W -- Garvin, J B -- Banerdt, W B -- Muhleman, D O -- Pettengill, G H -- Neumann, G A -- Lemoine, F G -- Abshire, J B -- Aharonson, O -- Brown, C D -- Hauck, S A -- Ivanov, A B -- McGovern, P J -- Zwally, H J -- Duxbury, T C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 28;284(5419):1495-503.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth Sciences Directorate, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. dsmith@tharsis.gsfc.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10348732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Evolution, Planetary ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Mars ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Radar sounding of the Medusae Fossae Formation Mars: equatorial ice or dry, low-density deposits? (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-11-03
    Description: The equatorial Medusae Fossae Formation (MFF) is enigmatic and perhaps among the youngest geologic deposits on Mars. They are thought to be composed of volcanic ash, eolian sediments, or an ice-rich material analogous to polar layered deposits. The Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) instrument aboard the Mars Express Spacecraft has detected nadir echoes offset in time-delay from the surface return in orbits over MFF material. These echoes are interpreted to be from the subsurface interface between the MFF material and the underlying terrain. The delay time between the MFF surface and subsurface echoes is consistent with massive deposits emplaced on generally planar lowlands materials with a real dielectric constant of approximately 2.9 +/- 0.4. The real dielectric constant and the estimated dielectric losses are consistent with a substantial component of water ice. However, an anomalously low-density, ice-poor material cannot be ruled out. If ice-rich, the MFF must have a higher percentage of dust and sand than polar layered deposits. The volume of water in an ice-rich MFF deposit would be comparable to that of the south polar layered deposits.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Watters, Thomas R -- Campbell, Bruce -- Carter, Lynn -- Leuschen, Carl J -- Plaut, Jeffrey J -- Picardi, Giovanni -- Orosei, Roberto -- Safaeinili, Ali -- Clifford, Stephen M -- Farrell, William M -- Ivanov, Anton B -- Phillips, Roger J -- Stofan, Ellen R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 16;318(5853):1125-8. Epub 2007 Nov 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. watterst@si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17975034" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; Ice ; *Mars ; Radar
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Subsurface radar sounding of the south polar layered deposits of Mars (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-03-17
    Description: The ice-rich south polar layered deposits of Mars were probed with the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding on the Mars Express orbiter. The radar signals penetrate deep into the deposits (more than 3.7 kilometers). For most of the area, a reflection is detected at a time delay that is consistent with an interface between the deposits and the substrate. The reflected power from this interface indicates minimal attenuation of the signal, suggesting a composition of nearly pure water ice. Maps were generated of the topography of the basal interface and the thickness of the layered deposits. A set of buried depressions is seen within 300 kilometers of the pole. The thickness map shows an asymmetric distribution of the deposits and regions of anomalous thickness. The total volume is estimated to be 1.6 x 10(6) cubic kilometers, which is equivalent to a global water layer approximately 11 meters thick.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Plaut, Jeffrey J -- Picardi, Giovanni -- Safaeinili, Ali -- Ivanov, Anton B -- Milkovich, Sarah M -- Cicchetti, Andrea -- Kofman, Wlodek -- Mouginot, Jeremie -- Farrell, William M -- Phillips, Roger J -- Clifford, Stephen M -- Frigeri, Alessandro -- Orosei, Roberto -- Federico, Costanzo -- Williams, Iwan P -- Gurnett, Donald A -- Nielsen, Erling -- Hagfors, Tor -- Heggy, Essam -- Stofan, Ellen R -- Plettemeier, Dirk -- Watters, Thomas R -- Leuschen, Carlton J -- Edenhofer, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 6;316(5821):92-5. Epub 2007 Mar 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17363628" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Ice ; *Mars ; Radar ; Spacecraft ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Radar soundings of the subsurface of Mars (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-12-02
    Description: The martian subsurface has been probed to kilometer depths by the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding instrument aboard the Mars Express orbiter. Signals penetrate the polar layered deposits, probably imaging the base of the deposits. Data from the northern lowlands of Chryse Planitia have revealed a shallowly buried quasi-circular structure about 250 kilometers in diameter that is interpreted to be an impact basin. In addition, a planar reflector associated with the basin structure may indicate the presence of a low-loss deposit that is more than 1 kilometer thick.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Picardi, Giovanni -- Plaut, Jeffrey J -- Biccari, Daniela -- Bombaci, Ornella -- Calabrese, Diego -- Cartacci, Marco -- Cicchetti, Andrea -- Clifford, Stephen M -- Edenhofer, Peter -- Farrell, William M -- Federico, Costanzo -- Frigeri, Alessandro -- Gurnett, Donald A -- Hagfors, Tor -- Heggy, Essam -- Herique, Alain -- Huff, Richard L -- Ivanov, Anton B -- Johnson, William T K -- Jordan, Rolando L -- Kirchner, Donald L -- Kofman, Wlodek -- Leuschen, Carlton J -- Nielsen, Erling -- Orosei, Roberto -- Pettinelli, Elena -- Phillips, Roger J -- Plettemeier, Dirk -- Safaeinili, Ali -- Seu, Roberto -- Stofan, Ellen R -- Vannaroni, Giuliano -- Watters, Thomas R -- Zampolini, Enrico -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Dec 23;310(5756):1925-8. Epub 2005 Nov 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Infocom Department, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16319122" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A coordinate X-ray diffractometer based on a two-dimensional proportional chamber and a two-circle goniometer (1982)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 15 (1982), S. 626-631 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A coordinate X-ray diffractometer based on a flat two-coordinate multiwire proportional chamber 350 × 350 × 10 mm and information readout from cathode printed-circuit delay lines is described. The diffractometer is used to study macromolecular single crystals. The chamber is placed on a two-circle goniometer at distances of 300, 500 and 750 mm from the crystal. The diffractometer operates on-line with an SM-2 computer. A diffraction picture is collected in a 64 K 16-bit word computer core memory with the maximum count rate of 250000 events s−1. The detection quantum efficiency of Cu Kα radiation is about 70%. The number of spatial resolution elements of a diffraction picture is ̃50000, the resolution time ̃0.5 μs. The general case of inclined geometry is used. The diffraction picture is collected during quasi-continuous scanning. Control of the diffractometer, data collection and pre-computing X,Z are performed at the same time. The diffractometer makes it possible to study single crystals having unit cells up to 250 Å at a resolution of 3.5 Å and to 84 Å at a resolution of 1.5 Å.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889882012801
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radioactive contamination of the R. Enisey due to discharges from krasnoyarsk mining and chemical corporation (1993)
    Springer
    Atomic energy 74 (1993), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8205
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00760357
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radioecological aspects of the accident in Tomsk (1993)
    Springer
    Atomic energy 74 (1993), S. 341-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8205
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00739025
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cost of the Radiation Damage in the ALARA Concept (2000)
    Springer
    Atomic energy 89 (2000), S. 906-910 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8205
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The principles for determining the cost of radiation risk as a method of optimizing risk are described. The interrelationship of various components of risk is examined. The goal of optimization as a requirement to decrease the aggregate risk is formulated. It is noted that mathematical simulation is unreliable for determining the cost of risk and damage. An approach to determining the cost of risk on the basis of direct analysis of the financial costs is proposed. The result of risk cost assessment is presented. The use of the proposed approach is demonstrated for a hypothetical example. 18 references.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011346400400
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isometric imbedding of a complete two-dimensional locally Euclidean manifold in a Euclidean space (1973)
    Springer
    Mathematical notes 13 (1973), S. 258-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8876
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this article we consider the problem of isometric imbedding of a complete two-dimensional locally Euclidean manifold in a Euclidean space. For each of the possible topological types the corresponding minimal dimension of the extending Euclidean space is indicated. See [3].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01155667
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