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  • 1
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The nature of the aggregated form of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isozymes (GPD, EC 1.2.1.13) from Chenopodium rubrum leaves was investigated. After disaggregation of the isozymes in NADP + buffer, and resuspension of the disaggregated isozymes in NAD+ buffer, complete reaggregation could only be achieved by remixing the enzyme with a high molecular weight fraction, from which the isozymes had dissociated during the NADP+ filtration. After separation of the isozymes by inverse ammonium sulphate gradient solubilization, spontaneous extensive reaggregation of each isozyme was observed in NAD+ buffer. The high molecular weight material consisted of ribonucleoprotein, and RNase treatment impaired its ability to promote reaggregation of chloroplast GPD. It is proposed that pyridine nucleotide-controlled aggregation and binding to ribonucleoprotein in vitro are artifacts which reflect an in situ binding to cellular components. Since uncontrolled NAD+-linked activities of the bifunctional isozymes in the chloroplast would lead to an equalization of the NAD + and NADP + redox couples, it is suggested that the reversible binding of the isozymes forms the basis of a regulatory system in vivo.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 96 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In the short day plant Chenopodium rubrum and the long day plant Nicotiana tabacum cv. Havana 425, adenylate kinase (EC 2.7.4.3) occurs as a family of isoforms, with at least two members localized in the chloroplast representing the main isoforms. In this work, isoforms were separated by anion exchange chromatography and relative isoform activities were compared between vegetative plants and plants induced to flowering. In both species examined, a light regime leading to floral induction resulted in a significant decrease in the activity of one chloroplast isoform. This decrease modified considerably the relative distribution of isoform activities, especially that between the two chloroplast activities.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The activity of NAD+ and NADP+-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isozymes (EC 1.2.1.12 and EC 1.2.1.13, respectively) were measured in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Nobel) leaves grown under different photoperiodic treatments in order to discriminate between the early events of floral induction and processes related to acclimation. Glycolysis-linked isozyme activities were increased not only during floral induction and acclimation, but also during acclimation alone, suggesting that the changes in cytosolic activities were most probably associated with acclimation. In contrast, the chloroplast-linked isozyme activities only increased during flower induction and appeared to be specifically associated with the initiation of the flowering process. The relative activity changes in the chloroplast and cytosol compartments may thus be supposed to be among the first signs of translation of the photoperiodic signal into cytosolic and cellular metabolic adaptation, whereby the leaf moves rapidly into a new metabolic state.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD, EC 1.2.1.13) was purified from leaves of Chenopodium rubrum L. Aggregated (≥ 106) and disaggregated (165 × 103) molecular weight forms were obtained by gel filtration in the presence of NAD+ and NADP+, respectively. The disaggregated enzyme was separated into two isozymes by inverse ammonium sulphate gradient solubilization: “NADP-GPD I” was homotetrameric (subunit molecular weight 39 × 103); “NADP-GPD II” was heterotetrameric (subunit molecular weights 39 × 103 and 43 × 103). Isoelectric focusing of the isozymes, both aggregated and disaggregated, revealed two isoelectric forms in each case, at 4.3 and 7.7. Chloroplast GPD was “NADP-suppressed” in crude extracts due to partial oxidation, incubation with dithioerythritol restored full activity.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 90 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Catalase IEC 1.11.1.6) activity in Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) needles was examined under different environmental conditions. When shade-adapted spruce trees were exposed to full sunlight or to high light intensities in growth chambers, the catalase activity decreased. Under continuous light the activity was reduced in comparison to the control grown in light/dark cycles. The reduction of the activity was not temperature dependent. Under field conditions the activity was higher in hranches oriented north than in those oriented south. A diurnal rhythm with a maximum in the night was delected. The reduction in catalase activity also occurred in young white needles of Picea ahies vur. argenteospica. which are free of chlorophyll. It is concluded that in Norway spruce needles there is a ligh:-dependent photoinactivation of catalase. which is not temperature-dependent.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seedlings of Phaseolus aureus ROXB were grown under 12/12 h light/dark cycles with the light period at 32.5°C and darkness at 10°C (normal conditions N) or with light at 10°C and darkness at 32.5°C (inverse conditions, I). I-conditions affected the level of chlorophyll and carotenoids (very low), monogalactosyldiacylgycerol (low) and phosphatidylinositol (high) in the leaves. Leaves of I-seedlings showed a sharp and durable decline of relative water content during the low temperature phase. For the N-seedlings, loss of water was restricted to the end of this period. The loss of water was accompanied by visible symptoms of wilting at specific times of day. Although the pigment content remained nearly unchanged, ABA content of leaves of both N-and I-seedlings increased during water stress. Upon return to the warm period, ABA level continued to increase after the leaves had regained turgor, this ‘after stress’increase being more pronounced in the leaves of I-seedlings. Exogenous application of ABA induced a slight increase in the content of phospholipids in N- and I-leaves and a decrease in free fatty acids, whereas monogalactosyldiacylglycerol content was significantly reduced in N-leaves after application of ABA. Upon transfer of I-plants to 20°C for 12 h during the light period, pigment and chloroplastic lipid content increased rapidly whereas upon a further exposure to 10°C in light, pigments and especially monogalactosyldiacylglycerol were lost. The control of pigment and lipid metabolism and the role of ABA during chilling stress are discussed.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Isozymes of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD, EC 1.2.1.13) from Chenopodium rubrum were separated using inverse discontinuous ammonium sulphate gradient solubilization. Leaves were extracted at the 9th h of light and the 9th h of darkness of a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle. The ratio of “NADP-GPD I” to “NADP-GPD II” varied with the light/dark cycle. However, the “light” isozyme pattern could be obtained from “dark” plants by including NADP + or NAD + kinase in the extraction buffer. Similarly, the “dark” isozyme pattern was produced in “light” plants extracted in the presence of NAD+. Pyridine nucleotides had no effect on the separated, purified isozymes. It is concluded that differential binding of the isozymes at the moment of extraction to pelletable material in the crude extract determines the isozyme pattern, and that this binding is regulated by the pyridine nucleotide ratio.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chenopodium ; Fatty acid ; Rhythmicity (oleic acid content) ; Stem extension rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chenopodium rubrum L. plants exhibit an endogenous circadian rhythm in their instantaneous stem extension rate in continuous light (A. Lecharny and E. Wagner, 1984, Physiol. Plant. 60, 447–453). Stem extension rate and fatty-acid composition of two stem parts were measured in plants kept in continuous light for 90 h following a 12-h dark period. Fluctuations in the relative size of the oleic acid pool were evidenced in the stem tissues. The peaks (minima and maxima) of the oleic acid content occurred at the same times after the end of the 12-h dark periods as the peaks of the stem extension rate. This rhythmic behaviour ceased when growth was completed. No significant rhythmic changes were observed in any other fatty acid pools. Lipids in which the oleate content is rhythmically modified were exclusively phosphatidylcholine and phospha-tidylethanolamine. Thus, there was a specific correlation between the relative amount of oleic acid in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine and the rate of instantaneous growth in the same tissue. The rhythmic variations in the oleic acid may be linked to the endomembrane flow in relation to the rate of growth.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer früheren Arbeit (Bertsch und Mohr, 1965) haben wir bei der lichtinduzierten Anthocyansynthese des Senfkeimlings gefunden, daß eine Vorbestrahlung mit Dunkelrot die Wirkung einer nachfolgenden Bestrahlung mit Hellrot steigert. Eine Vorbestrahlung mit Hellrot hingegen reduziert die Wirksamkeit einer nachfolgenden Bestrahlung mit Dunkelrot (Tabelle 1). Die 48 St nach Beginn des Bestrahlungsprogramms vorhandene Menge an Anthocyan wurde als ein Maß für die Wirksamkeit der Sukzedanbestrahlungen angesehen. — In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde mit Hilfe kinetischer Studien gezeigt, daß ein spezifischer Effekt der Dunkelrot-Vorbestrahlung nicht existiert. Der apparente Effekt ist darauf zurückzuführen, daß das zuerst gegebene Dunkelrot die lag-Phase für das nachfolgende Hellrot eliminiert. — Der Effekt, daß eine Hellrot-Vorbestrahlung die Wirkung von nachfolgendem Dunkelrot stark reduziert, ist hingegen real. Dieser Effekt muß auf einen Verlust an Phytochrom zurückgeführt werden.
    Notes: Summary In a previous paper (Bertsch and Mohr, 1965) we reported that in light-induced anthocyanin synthesis of the mustard seedling (Sinapis alba L.) a preirradiation with far-red light increases the effectiveness of a following irradiation with red light, whereas a preirradiation with red reduces the effectiveness of a following irradiation with far-red (Table 1). The amount of anthocyanin present 48 hours after the onset of the irradiation programme was taken as a gauge for the effectiveness of the irradiation with succedaneous red and far-red (and vice versa). In the present paper it is shown—using detailed kinetical studies (Fig. 1 and 2) —that a specific potentiating effect of the preceding far-red is not involved. The apparent effect is due to the fact that the preceding far-red eliminates the lag-phase for the following red (Fig. 1). — On the other hand, the depressing effect of red light preceding far-red is very real. This latter effect must be attributed to a loss of phytochrome. We demonstrate in the present paper that the effects of succedaneous red and far-red irradiations can be attributed altogether to phytochrome if several assumptions concerning the stability of phytochrome 730 (Hartmann, 1966; Wagner and Mohr, 1966) are made. These assumptions seem to be well justified. — In any case our kinetical studies have revealed no data which indicate that in red or far-red light we have to deal with anything else except phytochrome.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Active oxygen ; ATP-dependent proteoly-sis ; Hordeum ; Protein degradation ; Ribulose-1 ; 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ; Stroma (chloroplast ; protease)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Active oxygen (AO) species generated in plants under stress conditions trigger degradation of Rubisco (EC 4.1.1.39). To find out whether AO species activate proteases or make the protein susceptible to proteolysis, purified and 14C-labelled Rubisco protein was incubated with stromal preparations obtained from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves. The protein was degraded into distinct fragments only after a treatment with AO. This result shows that AO-treated Rubisco has been modified to become a substrate for stromal protease(s) and dismisses the possibility of protease activation. Upon degradation, distinct fragments accumulated with time. The fragmentation pattern was indistinguishable from that obtained with intact chloroplasts subjected to oxidative conditions (cf. M. Desimone et al., 1996, Plant Physiol 111: 789–796). Degradation required ATP-hydrolysis, since AMP, ADP or non-hydrolysable ATP-analogs did not support proteolysis. The ClpP-deficient stromal preparations degraded AO-modified Rubisco, making the involvement of the ClpC/P protease unlikely.
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