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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 6 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Saint-Martin des Noyers Formation is interpreted as a slice of an island-arc system of Lower to Middle Palaeozoic age, located in the internal part of the Variscan orogen in Vendée (Armorican Massif, France). Metamorphosed igneous rocks range in composition from ultramafic to rhyolitic. The regular increase in the FeO/(FeO+MgO) ratio, from mafic to silicic samples, results in a systematic variability in the nature and composition of the metamorphic phases. In basaltic samples, the occurrence of relict garnet-barroisite assemblages suggests relatively high-pressure conditions for the peak of metamorphism. During a subsequent retrograde evolution, the primary barroisitic hornblendes recrystallized to texturally complex mixtures of actinolite and hornblende. Despite this complication, it is possible to decipher a P–T-t path based on amphibole chemistry. The P–T trajectory deduced is dominated by the effect of pressure and consistent with early underthrusting and subsequent tectonic uplift of the ancient arc of Saint-Martin des Noyers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: In order to illustrate different applications of the amphibole-albite-chlorite-epidote-quartz geothermobarometer, pressure-temperature-time (P–T–t) ± space (P–T–t–s) ± deformation (P–T–t–d) paths have been established from literature data. They are discussed as a function of the chemical, equilibrium and microstructural data available in each case, and compared with the conclusions already established by other methods. It is clear that it is necessary to know the relative chronology of the events (directions of zoning of minerals in successive microstructural positions) to establish precise P–T paths; this enables reconstruction of complex geodynamic histories. From this point of view, it is necessary to analyse the maximum possible number of minerals in a few well-chosen metabasic rocks showing different generations of blastesis. The rocks should belong to different tectonic units to obtain the best overall picture of a metamorphic complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen (translated by E. Pascual) Durante la década pasada, la Faja Pirítica Ibérica (FPI) ha sido un área de actividad minera e investigación cientifica renovadas, lo que ha conducido a la obtención de nuevos datos y conceptos geológicos y metalogénicos, que se exponen sucintamente en este Número Especial. La razón de este interés en la FPI, que forma parte del cinturón orogénico hercínico, es que sus rocas, cuyas edades abarcan desde el Devónico tardío al Carbonífero Medio, albergan una enorme cantidad de mineralizaciones de sulfuros masivos ligados a vulcanismo (1700 millones de toneladas de sulfuros, que totalizan 14,6 Mt de Cu, 13,0 Mt de Pb, 34,9 Mt de Zn, 46100 toneladas de Ag y 880 toneladas de Au). Las mineralizaciones y su entorno muestran signaturas que se pueden relacionar con la mineralogía y la zonación de las masas de sulfuros, con los isótopos de plomo de la mineralización, con las variaciones en los halos de alteración hidrotermal alrededor de las mineralizaciones, con los caracteres geoquímicos de las rocas volcánicas bimodales que albergan los sulfuros masivos, con la compleja evolución tectónica del conjunto durante la orogenia hercínica, con la existencia de paleofallas y estructuras sinsedimentarias que actuaron como canales y trampas de descarga para los fluidos metalíferos y los gossans que se desarrollaron sobre los sulfuros. Se han deducido criterios geológicos discriminantes para cada área de conocimiento, que pueden ser útiles para la exploración minera, complementando las técnicas más tradicionales de prospección. Aunque la cuestión del entorno geodinámico de la FPI todavía es materia de debate, cualquier interpretación tiene que tener ahora en cuenta algunas restricciones incontrovertibles: por ejemplo, los caracteres geoquímicos de una gran parte de las rocas básicas son comparables a los de basaltos derivados del manto y emplazados en entornos tectónicos extensionales, y las rocas ácidas asociadas se produjeron a partir de un protolito cortical básico, a presiones bajas o intermedias y asociadas a un abrupto gradiente térmico. Por consiguiente, la secuencia vulcanosedimentaria que contiene los sulfuros masivos difiere claramente de las series recientes relacionadas con entornos de arco. Consideramos aquí que el entorno tectónico fue extensional y epicontinental y que tuvo lugar durante la convergencia de placas hercínica, que culminó en deformación “thin-skinned” y acreción del terreno constituído por la Zona Sudportuguesa al bloque continental paleozoico ibérico.
    Notes: Abstract The Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) has, over the past decade, been an area of renewed mining activity and scientific research that has resulted in a wealth of new data and new geological and metallogenic concepts that are succinctly presented in this Thematic Issue. The reason for this interest in the IPB, which forms part of the Hercynian orogenic belt, is that its Late Devonian to Middle Carboniferous rocks host a huge quantity of volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VMS) mineralization (1700 Mt of sulphides, totalling 14.6 Mt Cu, 13.0 Mt Pb, 34.9 Mt Zn, 46100 t Ag and 880 t Au). The mineralization and its environment display a number of typical signatures that can be related to the mineralogy and zoning of the sulphide orebodies, to the lead isotopes of the mineralization, to the geochemical and mineralogical variations in the hydrothermal alteration halos surrounding the orebodies, to the geochemical characteristics of the bimodal volcanics hosting the VMS, to the complex structural evolution during the Hercynian orogeny, to the presence of palaeofaults and synsedimentary structures that acted as channels and discharge traps for the metalliferous fluids, and to the gossans developed over VMS. Discriminant geological criteria have been deduced for each domain which can be helpful in mineral exploration, complementing the more traditional prospecting techniques. Although the question of the IPB's geodynamic setting is still under debate, any interpretation must now take into account some incontrovertible constraints: for example, the geochemical characteristics of a large part of the basic lavas are comparable to those of mantle-derived basalts emplaced in extensional tectonic settings, and the associated acidic rocks were produced by melting of a basic crustal protolith at low- to medium-pressures and a steep geothermal gradient, thus, the sulphide-bearing volcano-sedimentary sequence differs strongly from recent arc-related series. It is considered here that the tectonic setting was extensional and epicontinental and that it developed during the Hercynian plate convergence, that culminated in thin-skinned deformation and accretion of the South Portuguese terrane to the Iberian Paleozoic continental block.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 33 (1997), S. 98-110 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen (translated by E. Pascual) Las formaciones ígneas asociadas con los depósitos de sulfuros masivos de la Faja Pirítica Ibérica (IPB) se componen esencialmente de doleritas y lavas básicas y de rocas volcánicas dacíticas a riolíticas; las lavas intermedias son poco abundantes. Las rocas básicas muestran caracteres geoquímicos variables: lavas y doleritas comparables a basaltos alcalinos intraplaca recientes parecen hasta ahora restringidos a las partes W y S de la IPB, mientras que rocas básicas de caracteres comparables a las de toleítas continentales o basaltos relacionados con arcos aparecen en toda la zona. Las rocas ácidas se clasifican como calcoalcalinas del tipo “low-Al2O3, high-Yb”. Para un contenido dado en SiO2, Al2O3 y TiO2, muestran contenidos variables en Zr, Nb y REE. El contenido en tierras raras pesadas decrece de dacitas a riolitas ([Gd/Yb]N ∼ 1), al tiempo que la anomalía de Eu se hace más pronunciada. La modelización de elementos trazas sugiere que las rocas evolucionaron a partir de un magma parental dacítico mediante cristalización fraccionada de hornblenda y plagioclasa. La fusión parcial de un protolito anfibolítico, que parece el modelo más plausible para el origen del magma dacítico, requiere un elevado gradiente T/P en la corteza. La existencia de basaltos alcalinos y de toleítas continentales es congruente con la formación de la IPB en un entorno tectónico distensivo. El emplazamiento en una cuenca “fore-arc”, en un segmento cortical de reciente acreción, se contempla como una hipótesis posible para explicar los caracteres geológicos y petrológicos. Un alto gradiente térmico, junto con la erupción en una cuenca submarina extensional, pueden haber sido los dos ingredientes clave en el desarrollo de los depósitos de sulfuros masivos en la IPB.
    Notes: Abstract Igneous formations associated with massive sulphide deposits in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) are essentially composed of basic lavas and dolerites, and dacitic to rhyolitic volcanites; intermediate lavas are subordinate. The basic rocks show variable geochemical characteristics: lavas and dolerites comparable to recent within-plate alkaline basalts seem restricted to the western and southern parts of the IPB, whereas basic rocks comparable to continental tholeiites or arc-related basalts occur across the whole belt. The felsic rocks are classified as calc-alkaline and belong to the “low-Al2O3 and high-Yb type”. At given SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 contents, they show variable Zr, Nb, and HREE contents. Heavy-rare-earth element fractionation decreases from the dacites to the rhyolites ([Gd/Yb]N ∼ 1), whereas the negative Eu-anomaly becomes more pronounced. The characteristics of the rhyolites are typical of sulphide-fertile volcanic packages. Trace-element modelling suggests that the felsic rocks evolved from a dacitic parent magma through fractional crystallization of hornblende and plagioclase. Partial melting of an amphibolite protolith, which appears as the most probable model for the origin of this dacitic magma, requires a high T/P gradient in the crust. The occurrence of alkaline basalts and continental tholeiites is consistent with formation of the IPB in a tensional tectonic setting. However, the associated island-arc tholeiites suggest a location in a domain of plate convergence. Emplacement in a fore-arc basin over a recently accreted crustal segment is envisaged as a possible hypothesis to account for the geological and petrological constraints. A high geothermal gradient and eruption in a submarine tensional basin could have been two key ingredients for the development of massive sulphide deposits within the IPB.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen (translated by E. Pascual) El periodo que va del Devónico tardío al inicio del Carbonífero (Dinantiense) dentro de la Cadena Hercínica occidental está marcado por la formación de depósitos de sulfuros masivos ligados a rocas volcánicas: Chessy y Chizeuil en las sucesiones de Brévenne y Somme en el Macizo Central francés; Bodennec y La Porte-aux-Moines en la cuenca de Châteaulin en el Macizo Armoricano francés; Riotinto, Neves Corvo, Tharsis y otros en el Complejo Vulcanosedimentario de la Faja Pirítica Ibérica, y Ketara, Draa Sfar y Hajar en el distrito de Jebilet-Guemassa de la Meseta meridional marroquí. Aunque estos depósitos muestran un emplazamiento ligeramente diacrónico en respuesta a la migración del evento metalífero, del Devónico tardío en Francia al Dinantiense en Marruecos, se puede definir a grandes rasgos un ‘‘pico” metalífero a unos 350 m.a. La mineralización de los sectores armoricano, ibérico y marroquí tuvo lugar en dominios epicontinentales de la zona exterior del cinturón hercínico, mientras que la del nordeste del Macizo Central tuvo lugar en su zona interna. Esta diferencia se refleja en variaciones, tanto en las características geoquímicas de los minerales (Sn en las zonas externas y Mo-Ni en las internas) como en su signatura isotópica de plomo, con clara participación del manto sólo en las zonas internas. En muchos casos las mineralizaciones parecen estar estrechamente relacionadas al miembro félsico de las asociaciones magmáticas bimodales, aunque los depósitos de sulfuros masivos de las zonas externas están asociados con más frecuencias con rocas sedimentarias, y los de las zonas internas con rocas volcánicas félsicas. Otro rasgo que conviene señalar es que las secuencias huéspedes de los depósitos de sulfuros masivos parecen desarrollarse frecuentemente sobre formaciones caóticas (particularmente con olistolitos), reflejando el comienzo de la actividad hercínica orogénica en la zona externa. Se puede concluir que el pico de mineralizaciones se desarrolló en dominios tectónicos tensionales durante un periodo de convergencia de placas, y que ocurrió hace unos 350 m.a. después de un periodo mayor devónico de compresión, pero antes del cierre continental carbonífero.
    Notes: Abstract The Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous (Dinantian) within the Western Hercynides is marked by the formation of volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits: Chessy and Chizeuil in the Brévenne and Somme successions of the French Massif Central; Bodennec and La Porte-aux-Moines in the Châteaulin Basin of the French Armorican Massif; Rio Tinto, Neves-Corvo, Tharsis, etc., in the Volcano-Sedimentary formation of the Iberian Pyrite Belt; and Ketara, Draa Sfar and Hajar in the Jebilet-Guemassa district of the Moroccan Southern Meseta. Although these deposits show a slightly diachronous emplacement in response to a progressive migration of the metalliferous event from Late Devonian in France to Dinantian in Morocco, it is nevertheless possible to define an overall metalliferous ‘‘peak” around 350 Ma. The mineralization of the Armorican, Iberian and Moroccan sectors took place in epicontinental domains of the outer zone of the Hercynian belt, whereas that of the northeastern Massif Central occurred within the inner zone of the belt. This difference is registered by variations both in the geochemical characteristics of the ores (Sn in the outer zone and Mo-Ni in the inner zone) and in their lead isotopic signatures (clear mantle participation exclusively in the inner zone). In many cases the ores appear to be closely related to the felsic member of a bimodal magmatic association, although the massive sulphide deposits in the outer zone are more commonly associated with sedimentary rocks whereas those in the inner zone are hosted by felsic volcanic rocks. Another feature that should be noted is that the host sequences of the massive sulphide deposits commonly seem to be underlain by chaotic formations (notably with olistoliths) reflecting the beginning of Hercynian orogenic activity in the outer zone. It can be concluded that the peak mineralization took place within tensional domains developed during a period of plate convergence, and that it occurred around 350 Ma after a major period of Devonian compression but before the Carboniferous continental closure.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2015-03-25
    Description: A multiple linear regression statistical method is applied to model data taken from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, phase 5 (CMIP-5) to estimate the 11-yr solar cycle responses of stratospheric ozone, temperature, and zonal wind during the 1979-2005 period. The analysis is limited to the six CMIP-5 models that resolve the stratosphere (high-top models) and that include interactive ozone chemistry. All simulations assumed a conservative 11-yr solar spectral irradiance (SSI) variation based on the NRL model. These model responses are then compared to corresponding observational estimates derived from two independent satellite ozone profile data sets and from ERA Interim Reanalysis meteorological data. The models exhibit a range of 11-yr responses with three models (CESM1-WACCM, MIROC-ESM-CHEM, and MRI-ESM1) yielding substantial solar-induced ozone changes in the upper stratosphere that compare favorably with available observations. The remaining three models do not, apparently because of differences in the details of their radiation and photolysis rate codes. During winter in both hemispheres, the three models with stronger upper stratospheric ozone responses produce relatively strong latitudinal gradients of ozone and temperature in the upper stratosphere that are associated with accelerations of the polar night jet under solar maximum conditions. This behavior is similar to that found in the satellite ozone and ERA Interim data except that the latitudinal gradients tend to occur at somewhat higher latitudes in the models. The sharp ozone gradients are dynamical in origin and assist in radiatively enhancing the temperature gradients, leading to a stronger zonal wind response. These results suggest that simulation of a realistic solar-induced variation of upper stratospheric ozone, temperature and zonal wind in winter is possible for at least some coupled climate models even if a conservative SSI variation is adopted.
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-870X
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1988-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0009-2541
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-6836
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2000-01-01
    Print ISSN: 1464-343X
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-1956
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2001-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0301-9268
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-7433
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 10
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