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  • 1
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    Sensitivity and Calibration of Three‐Dimensional SPH Formulations in Large‐Scale Landslide Modeling (2023)
    Li, Shuai ; Tang, Hui ; Peng, Chong ; [et al.]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-06
    Description: Numerical prediction of landslide runout and deposition is important for estimating landslide risk and developing mitigation plans. The choice of a suitable model and its parameters and a confident calibration strategy are crucial for numerical simulations. Here, we evaluated two constitutive models with a three‐dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method by simulating the catastrophic 11 October 2018 Baige landslide. The results indicate that both the soil mechanic and fluid models can capture the dynamic runout and deposition morphology while using different values of input parameters. A point‐wise comparison of deposit elevation can minimize the calibration error. Numerical models were constrained accurately by utilizing both the static observation data and dynamic seismic signals. The effects of friction on deep‐seated landslides motion and deposition are more significant than cohesion. The 3D model includes the effects of shear stresses and velocities inside the material body, resulting in a reduced friction coefficient compared to the 2D model (e.g., depth‐averaged model). Our study highlights the potential of the 3D SPH method for modeling large‐scale complex landslides.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Landslides belong to a type of earth surface process recognized by their high damage potential. Computer models can simulate the landslides' movement to predict speed, forces, and deposition, which can help to delineate areas at risk and to design mitigation measures. We simulated the 2018 Baige landslide in China with a method known as smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), to test whether it is suitable for landslide simulation and to investigate protocols for model calibration when including seismic data in addition to information on the landslide's deposit. In this method, the landslide body is represented by millions of small, moving, interacting particles, which offers advantages over established models in terms of computation time and details in the simulation. We find that SPH is suitable for modeling large‐scale natural landslides. The seismic data are more valuable in the model calibration than landslide deposit observations. The new approach yields landslide simulations that deliver more details on particle velocities within the landslide body, and their spatial and temporal distribution. These details can be used to infer the properties of landslides during the sliding process, which helps to better understand landslides in general and to set up models for events where little data are available.
    Description: Key Points: A three‐dimensional mesh‐less graphics processing unit‐accelerated smoothed particle hydrodynamics formulation is suitable for modeling large‐scale natural landslides. The selection of an appropriate constitutive model depends on the landslide features and materials. Including dynamic seismic signals into numerical model calibration routines in addition to topographic changes improves calibration.
    Description: National Natural Science Foundation of China http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809
    Description: Sichuan Science and Technology Program
    Description: Helmholtz‐ocpc Postdoc Program fellowship
    Description: Sino‐German Mobility programme
    Description: Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004739
    Description: https://figshare.com/articles/software/LOQUAT-master_zip/20486088
    Description: https://10.0.20.161/zenodo.7408675
    Keywords: ddc:551.3 ; landslides ; numerical modeling ; constitutive model ; model calibration routines ; friction ; cohesion
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 2
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    Detrital zircon U-Pb age and detrital rutile trace element data from the late Neogene Baode Red Clay sequence, Chinese Loess Plateau, and detrital rutile geochemistry from 14 potential source areas (2023)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-01
    Description: The data were collected for a joint detrital zircon and detrital rutile provenance study of the late Neogene aeolian Baode Red Clay, located on the northern part of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The data consist of detrital zircon U-Pb ages of the 4.04–2.64 Ma Baode Red Clay (four samples from the Pliocene Jingle Formation and one sample from the 2.64 Ma Transitional Unit), and detrital rutile trace element geochemistry of the 6.91–2.64 Ma Baode Red Clay (three samples from the Miocene Baode Formation, five samples from the Pliocene Jingle Formation, and one sample from the Transitional Unit) and 14 potential sedimentary source areas in Central-East Asia. The data were collected using Nu Plasma AttoM single collector ICP-MS (Nu Instruments Ltd., Wrexham, UK) connected to an Analyte Excite 193 ArF laser ablation system (Photon Machines, San Diego, USA) at the Geological Survey of Finland. The rutiles were analysed for Li, Mg, Al, Si, P, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Pb, Th, and U. The grain size fractions of the analysed grains were mostly 30–90 μm for the Red Clay zircons and rutiles, and 20–500 μm for the potential source area rutiles.
    Keywords: Chinese Loess Plateau; detrital rutile; detrital zircon; eolian sediment; Miocene; Pliocene; Provenance; Red Clay
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 2 datasets
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  • 3
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    Detrital zircon U-Pb age from the late Neogene Baode Red Clay sequence, Chinese Loess Plateau (2023)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-01
    Description: The data consist of detrital zircon U-Pb ages of the 4.04–2.64 Ma Baode Red Clay (four samples from the Pliocene Jingle Formation and one sample from the 2.64 Ma Transitional Unit). The data were collected using Nu Plasma AttoM single collector ICP-MS (Nu Instruments Ltd., Wrexham, UK) connected to an Analyte Excite 193 ArF laser ablation system (Photon Machines, San Diego, USA) at the Geological Survey of Finland.
    Keywords: Age; Age, 206Pb/238U Lead-Uranium; Age, 207Pb/206Pb Lead-Lead; Age, 207Pb/235U Lead-Uranium; Age, error; Age, mineral; Baode; Chinese Loess Plateau; Comment; Correlation coefficient, isotope ratio error; Degree of concordance; detrital rutile; detrital zircon; eolian sediment; Fluence; Grain ID; Grain size, maximum; Grain size, minimum; Identification; LA-ICP-MS, Laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer; LATITUDE; Lead; Lead-206; Lead-206/Lead-204 ratio; Lead-206/Uranium-238, error, relative; Lead-206/Uranium-238, standard deviation; Lead-206/Uranium-238 ratio; Lead-207/Lead-206 ratio; Lead-207/Lead-206 ratio, error, relative; Lead-207/Lead-206 ratio, standard deviation; Lead-207/Uranium-235, error, relative; Lead-207/Uranium-235, standard deviation; Lead-207/Uranium-235 ratio; Lithologic unit/sequence; LONGITUDE; Miocene; Pliocene; Preferred age; Provenance; Red Clay; Repetition rate; Sample ID; Sediment sample; SES; Spot size; Thorium; Uranium
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 53231 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 4
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    Detrital rutile trace element from the late Neogene Baode Red Clay sequence, Chinese Loess Plateau, and detrital rutile geochemistry from 14 potential source areas (2023)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-10
    Description: The data consist of detrital rutile trace element geochemistry of the 6.91–2.64 Ma Baode Red Clay (three samples from the Miocene Baode Formation, five samples from the Pliocene Jingle Formation, and one sample from the Transitional Unit) and 14 potential sedimentary source areas in Central-East Asia. The data were collected using Nu Plasma AttoM single collector ICP-MS (Nu Instruments Ltd., Wrexham, UK) connected to an Analyte Excite 193 ArF laser ablation system (Photon Machines, San Diego, USA) at the Geological Survey of Finland. The rutiles were analysed for Li, Mg, Al, Si, P, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Pb, Th, and U. The grain size fractions of the analysed grains were mostly 30–90 μm for the Red Clay zircons and rutiles, and 20–500 μm for the potential source area rutiles.
    Keywords: Age; Aluminium; Antimony; Badain_Jaran; Badain Jaran; Baode; Barium; Calcium; Central_Mu_Us; Central Mu Us; Cerium; Chinese Loess Plateau; Chromium; Cobalt; Copper; detrital rutile; detrital zircon; Dysprosium; East_Mu_Us; East Mu Us; eolian sediment; Erbium; Europium; Event label; Fluence; Gadolinium; Grain ID; Grain size, maximum; Grain size, minimum; Hafnium; Holmium; Identification; Iron; Junggar_Basin; Junggar Basin; LA-ICP-MS, Laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer; Lanthanum; LATITUDE; Lead; Lithium; Lithologic unit/sequence; Location; LONGITUDE; Lutetium; Magnesium; Manganese; Miocene; Molybdenum; Mu_Us; Mu Us; Neodymium; Nickel; Niobium; Northeast_Tengger; Northeast Tengger; Phosphorus; Pliocene; Praseodymium; Provenance; Qaidam_Basin; Qaidam Basin; Qilian_Fan-branch_of_Shiyang_River; Qilian Fan - branch of Shiyang River; Red Clay; Repetition rate; Rubidium; Samarium; Sample ID; Scandium; Sediment sample; Sediment type; SES; Silicon; South_Tengger; South Tengger; Spot size; Strontium; Tantalum; Tarim_Basin; Tarim Basin; Terbium; Thorium; Thulium; Tin; Tungsten; Ulanbuh; Uranium; Vanadium; West_Mu_Us; West Mu Us; Yellow_River-Dari; Yellow_River-Zhenluo; Yellow River, Dari; Yellow River, Zhenluo; Ytterbium; Yttrium; Zinc; Zirconium
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 141298 data points
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  • 5
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    The Impact of Sediment Supply on the Initiation and Magnitude of Runoff-Generated Debris Flows (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-14
    Description: Rainfall intensity-duration (ID) thresholds are commonly used to assess the potential for runoff-generated debris flows, but the sensitivity of these thresholds to sediment supply, which can change rapidly with time, is relatively unexplored. Furthermore, debris flows often self-organize into distinct surges, but the factors controlling the magnitude and frequency of these surges, including sediment supply and grain size, are poorly constrained. We use a combination of numerical modeling and debris flow monitoring data from Chalk Cliffs, Colorado, USA, to explore how sediment supply influences rainfall ID thresholds for debris flows and surge properties. Results suggest that rainfall ID thresholds only become sensitive to sediment supply below a sediment thickness threshold. Surge magnitude is a nonmonotonic function of sediment supply (i.e., channel bed sediment thickness and grain size) with the largest surges tending to form at intermediate values of sediment availability with intermediate grain sizes.
    Keywords: 551.35 ; debris flow ; rainfall intensity-duration thresholds ; Chalk Cliffs ; sediment supply ; grain size ; numerical model
    Language: English
    Type: map
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  • 6
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    How to discover an unknown mega-landslide in the Siberian far-east (2021)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  EPIC3AGU Fall Meeting 2021, Online, 2021-12-13-2021-12-17American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-26
    Description: Using our custom visualization tool for multitemporal Landsat satellite imagery we discovered, to our knowledge, an undocumented mega-landslide in far-east Siberia, which occurred in summer 2017 (https://bit.ly/2WYRLM1; 61.55°N; 170.01°E). To create and visualize this unique dataset, we processed temporal trends of multispectral indices of 〉100,000 Landsat images for a period from 2000-2019 using the freely available Google Earth Engine cloud processing platform (https://ingmarnitze.users.earthengine.app/view/hotspottcvisapp). The megaslide has a size of 3.66 km² and using the ArcticDEM data we estimate a volume movement of ~20 Mm³. With this size and volume, the landslide is among the largest globally known in recent decades. The landslide is accompanied by a smaller one (0.31 km², 1 Mm³) about 600 m further east, which already occurred in summer 2015. The large landslide caused the formation of several small lakes by blocking two valleys with debris and within newly formed crevasses near the hilltop, which are still persisting as of August 2021. As this event occurred in a remote valley far from any settlement, no visible damage to infrastructure or human livelihoods was detected. The remoteness has likely led to being not detected, like many similar, albeit a lot smaller, erosion features in the Arctic permafrost region. In this presentation we will show the main properties of the landslide, potential trigger mechanisms in the traditional sense. As this region is located along the fringes of permafrost presence we will discuss its potential connection to the rapidly warming climate in the high latitudes. Further, we will discuss how such a large event remained undetected for several years. We discuss and highlight the value of our landscape change visualization tool based on Landsat trend analysis (see Nitze et al., AGU 2020), which helped us to identify this extreme event. With more and more available data sources, this tool in addition to automated image analysis (e.g. deep-learning) or seismic analysis will help to uncover the hidden processes and dynamics of the Earth’s surface.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 7
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    Deriving Debris‐Flow Dynamics From Real‐Time Impact‐Force Measurements (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-22
    Description: Understanding the impact forces exerted by debris flows is limited by a lack of direct field measurements and validated numerical models. In this study, we use real‐time impact‐force measurements and field observations of debris flows recorded by a sensor network in Jiangjia Ravine, China, to quantify the impact‐force distribution of natural debris flows. We observed one debris flow event during and after a storm on 25 August 2004, including 42 short‐duration surges and seven long‐duration surges, and impact‐force signals were successfully recorded for 38 surges. Our observed debris flows comprise high‐viscosity laminar flows with high sediment concentration and frequent solid‐to‐solid interactions. We identified a large magnitude (up to 1 kN), high‐frequency (greater than 1 Hz) fluctuating component of the impact force that we interpret as solid particle impact on the sensors. The variability of particle impact forces increases with the mean impact force. Our results show that a log‐logistic distribution can describe the probability density distribution of impact forces. Solid‐dominated surges and fluid‐dominated intersurge flows have similar impact‐force distributions, but surges usually have heavy tails. We created a dimensionless number to describe the impact force and correlated it against existing dimensionless parameters. Finally, we develop a simple particle impact model to understand the relationship between flow dynamics and the impact force inside debris flows that could be applied to improve debris‐flow flume experiments and design debris‐flow hazard mitigation measures.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Debris flows are fast‐moving mixtures of dirt and water that can cause huge damage to buildings and infrastructures and harm people. For effective hazard protection, we need to understand the impact forces exerted by debris flows. In this study, we measured impact forces at the high temporal resolution of 49 debris‐flow surges during and after a storm on 25 August 2004, recorded by a sensor array in Jiangjia Ravine, southwestern China. We develop statistical descriptions of the mean and the variability of the force and derive a relationship between flow dynamics and the impact force using a simple particle impact model. Our results could be applied to improve the future design of debris‐flow hazard mitigation measures.
    Description: Key Points: Log‐logistic distribution is a good fit for debris‐flow impact force probability density functions. Debris‐flow surges and intersurge flows have similar impact force distribution, but surges usually have heavy tails. A simple particle impact model can explain the debris‐flow impact force signal.
    Description: National Natural Science Foundation of China http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809
    Description: National Key R&D Program of China
    Description: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21078136.v5
    Description: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21078154.v2
    Keywords: ddc:551.3 ; debris flow ; impact force ; particle impact model ; log‐logistic distribution ; dimensionless parameters
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the classical theory of the rate of isomerization of HCN (1994)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 101 (1994), S. 8737-8746 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report the results of calculations, using classical mechanics, of the rate of the isomerization reaction HCN↔CNH. The three purposes of the calculations are (i) to test whether or not the Zhao–Rice approximate version of the Davis–Gray theory provides an accurate description of the rate of isomerization when there is a large scale atomic rearrangement; (ii) to determine if the quasi-two-dimensional reaction path representation of dynamical evolution on a multidimensional potential energy surface preserves the major features of the phase space mappings in two dimensions that are the key features of the Davis–Gray formulation of unimolecular reaction rate theory; and (iii) to determine if the reaction path representation is useful when the energy of the system is considerably greater than that along the minimum energy path. We find that both the Zhao–Rice (ZR) and the reaction path calculations of the isomerization rate constant are in reasonable agreement with the rate constant estimated from trajectory calculations; the ZR rate constant is about a factor of 2 smaller, and the reaction path rate constant is about a factor of 2 larger, than that obtained from trajectory calculations. For the few data points available, the energy dependence of the ZR rate constant agrees very well with that obtained from trajectory calculations. The energy dependence of the reaction path rate constant is uniformly accurate over the range we have studied, but is in moderately good agreement with the values obtained from the trajectory studies. We conclude that the reaction path representation remains useful even when the energy of the reacting system is considerably greater than that along the minimum energy path.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.468068
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A generalized approach to the control of the evolution of a molecular system (1996)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 104 (1996), S. 5457-5471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The theory of active control of molecular motion by use of shaped laser pulses is developed emphasizing the role of interference and using thermodynamic analogies. Attention is focused on the control of the dynamics in a system with n states coupled by radiation, and the phase relations which generate particular control schemes are derived. Among the new results reported is an optimal control scheme which constrains the value of the phase. The n-state model can be considered to represent a molecule with n electronic potential energy surfaces and an arbitrary number of degrees of freedom or as the skeleton spectrum of system where each level in the spectrum can be associated with a specific set of quantum numbers for all of the degrees of freedom. We show how the control of the dynamics of an n-state molecule can be represented in terms of the control of the dynamics of a precisely defined surrogate fewer state system. This reduction is illustrated by use of a surrogate two state system to describe the dynamics of population transfer in a three state system. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.471785
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SiC Coatings Deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering (2007)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 280-283 (Feb. 2007), p. 1309-1312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Amorphous SiC coatings were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering from a sintered SiC target onto Si(100) substrate at room temperature. The influence of RF power on the surface morphology and the RMS surface roughness of the resulting SiC coatings was studied by using atomic force microscopy.Two types of surface morphologies were obtained. The corresponding forming mechanisms were also discussed
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/49/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FKEM.280-283.1309.pdf
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