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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: GADD34 induces cell death through inactivation of Akt following traumatic brain injury Cell Death and Disease 4, e813 (September 2013). doi:10.1038/cddis.2013.336 Authors: J M Farook, J Shields, A Tawfik, S Markand, T Sen, S B Smith, D Brann, K M Dhandapani & N Sen
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4889
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2015-10-09
    Description: Endoplasmic reticulum stress-regulated CXCR3 pathway mediates inflammation and neuronal injury in acute glaucoma Cell Death and Disease 6, e1900 (October 2015). doi:10.1038/cddis.2015.281 Authors: Y Ha, H Liu, Z Xu, H Yokota, S P Narayanan, T Lemtalsi, S B Smith, R W Caldwell, R B Caldwell & W Zhang
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4889
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2012-05-02
    Description: Mammals are characterized by the complex adaptations of their dentition, which are an indication that diet has played a critical role in their evolutionary history. Although much attention has focused on diet and the adaptations of specific taxa, the role of diet in large-scale diversification patterns remains unresolved. Contradictory hypotheses have been proposed, making prediction of the expected relationship difficult. We show that net diversification rate (the cumulative effect of speciation and extinction), differs significantly among living mammals, depending upon trophic strategy. Herbivores diversify fastest, carnivores are intermediate, and omnivores are slowest. The tempo of transitions between the trophic strategies is also highly biased: the fastest rates occur into omnivory from herbivory and carnivory and the lowest transition rates are between herbivory and carnivory. Extant herbivore and carnivore diversity arose primarily through diversification within lineages, whereas omnivore diversity evolved by transitions into the strategy. The ability to specialize and subdivide the trophic niche allowed herbivores and carnivores to evolve greater diversity than omnivores.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2001-04-28
    Description: Here we use mechanical force to induce the unfolding and refolding of single RNA molecules: a simple RNA hairpin, a molecule containing a three-helix junction, and the P5abc domain of the Tetrahymena thermophila ribozyme. All three molecules (P5abc only in the absence of Mg2+) can be mechanically unfolded at equilibrium, and when kept at constant force within a critical force range, are bi-stable and hop between folded and unfolded states. We determine the force-dependent equilibrium constants for folding/unfolding these single RNA molecules and the positions of their transition states along the reaction coordinate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liphardt, J -- Onoa, B -- Smith, S B -- Tinoco, I Jr -- Bustamante, C -- GM-10840/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-32543/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM010840/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM010840-42/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM010840-43/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 27;292(5517):733-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. jliphard@alice.berkeley.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11326101" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Edetic Acid ; Kinetics ; Magnesium ; Microspheres ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Polystyrenes ; RNA/*chemistry ; RNA Stability ; RNA, Catalytic/*chemistry ; Stress, Mechanical ; Tetrahymena thermophila ; Thermodynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2002-06-08
    Description: Recent advances in statistical mechanical theory can be used to solve a fundamental problem in experimental thermodynamics. In 1997, Jarzynski proved an equality relating the irreversible work to the equilibrium free energy difference, DeltaG. This remarkable theoretical result states that it is possible to obtain equilibrium thermodynamic parameters from processes carried out arbitrarily far from equilibrium. We test Jarzynski's equality by mechanically stretching a single molecule of RNA reversibly and irreversibly between two conformations. Application of this equality to the irreversible work trajectories recovers the DeltaG profile of the stretching process to within k(B)T/2 (half the thermal energy) of its best independent estimate, the mean work of reversible stretching. The implementation and test of Jarzynski's equality provides the first example of its use as a bridge between the statistical mechanics of equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems. This work also extends the thermodynamic analysis of single molecule manipulation data beyond the context of equilibrium experiments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liphardt, Jan -- Dumont, Sophie -- Smith, Steven B -- Tinoco, Ignacio Jr -- Bustamante, Carlos -- GM-10840/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-32543/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM010840/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM010840-43/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM010840-44/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 7;296(5574):1832-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12052949" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chemistry, Physical ; Introns ; Mathematics ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Plasmids ; RNA, Protozoan/*chemistry ; Tetrahymena thermophila/genetics ; *Thermodynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1992-11-13
    Description: Single DNA molecules were chemically attached by one end to a glass surface and by their other end to a magnetic bead. Equilibrium positions of the beads were observed in an optical microscope while the beads were acted on by known magnetic and hydrodynamic forces. Extension versus force curves were obtained for individual DNA molecules at three different salt concentrations with forces between 10(-14) and 10(-11) newtons. Deviations from the force curves predicted by the freely jointed chain model suggest that DNA has significant local curvature in solution. Ethidium bromide and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole had little effect on the elastic response of the molecules, but their extent of intercalation was directly measured. Conversely, the effect of bend-inducing cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) was large and supports the hypothesis of natural curvature in DNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, S B -- Finzi, L -- Bustamante, C -- GM 32543/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 13;258(5085):1122-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1439819" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical ; Cisplatin/pharmacology ; DNA/*chemistry ; Elasticity ; Ethidium/pharmacology ; Glass ; Indoles/pharmacology ; Intercalating Agents/pharmacology ; *Magnetics ; Mathematics ; *Microspheres ; Physicochemical Phenomena
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1989-01-13
    Description: Individual DNA molecules undergoing agarose gel electrophoresis were viewed with the aid of a fluorescence microscope. Molecular shape and orientation were studied in both steady and pulsed electric fields. It was observed that (i) DNA macromolecules advanced lengthwise through the gel in an extended configuration, (ii) the molecules alternately contracted and lengthened as they moved, (iii) the molecules often became hooked around obstacles in a U-shape for extended periods, and (iv) the molecules displayed elasticity as they extended from both ends at once. A computer model has been developed that simulates the migration of the molecules in a rotating-field gel electrophoresis experiment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, S B -- Aldridge, P K -- Callis, J B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Jan 13;243(4888):203-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2911733" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Computer Simulation ; DNA/isolation & purification/*ultrastructure ; DNA, Fungal/ultrastructure ; DNA, Viral/ultrastructure ; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel/methods ; Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods ; Nucleic Acid Conformation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1997-05-16
    Description: Titin, a giant filamentous polypeptide, is believed to play a fundamental role in maintaining sarcomeric structural integrity and developing what is known as passive force in muscle. Measurements of the force required to stretch a single molecule revealed that titin behaves as a highly nonlinear entropic spring. The molecule unfolds in a high-force transition beginning at 20 to 30 piconewtons and refolds in a low-force transition at approximately 2.5 piconewtons. A fraction of the molecule (5 to 40 percent) remains permanently unfolded, behaving as a wormlike chain with a persistence length (a measure of the chain's bending rigidity) of 20 angstroms. Force hysteresis arises from a difference between the unfolding and refolding kinetics of the molecule relative to the stretch and release rates in the experiments, respectively. Scaling the molecular data up to sarcomeric dimensions reproduced many features of the passive force versus extension curve of muscle fibers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kellermayer, M S -- Smith, S B -- Granzier, H L -- Bustamante, C -- AR-42652/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-32543/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 16;276(5315):1112-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Veterinary Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9148805" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Connectin ; Elasticity ; Entropy ; Immunoglobulins/chemistry ; Lasers ; Models, Chemical ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscle Proteins/*chemistry ; Muscle Relaxation ; Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry/physiology ; Protein Denaturation ; *Protein Folding ; Protein Kinases/*chemistry ; Stress, Mechanical
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2004-06-05
    Description: Condensins are conserved proteins containing SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) moieties that organize and compact chromosomes in an unknown mechanism essential for faithful chromosome partitioning. We show that MukBEF, the condensin in Escherichia coli, cooperatively compacts a single DNA molecule into a filament with an ordered, repetitive structure in an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding-dependent manner. When stretched to a tension of approximately 17 piconewtons, the filament extended in a series of repetitive transitions in a broad distribution centered on 45 nanometers. A filament so extended and held at a lower force recondensed in steps of 35 nanometers or its multiples; this cycle was repeatable even in the absence of ATP and free MukBEF. Remarkably, the pattern of transitions displayed by a given filament during the initial extension was identical in every subsequent extension. Hence, after being deformed micrometers in length, each filament returned to its original compact structure without the addition of energy. Incubation with topoisomerase I increased the rate of recondensation and allowed the structure to extend and reform almost reversibly, indicating that supercoiled DNA is trapped in the condensed structure. We suggest a new model for how MukBEF organizes the bacterial chromosome in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Case, Ryan B -- Chang, Yun-Pei -- Smith, Steven B -- Gore, Jeff -- Cozzarelli, Nicholas R -- Bustamante, Carlos -- GM31655/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM32543/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 9;305(5681):222-7. Epub 2004 Jun 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15178751" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Chemistry, Physical ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/metabolism ; DNA, Bacterial/*chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA, Superhelical/chemistry/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Escherichia coli Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Lasers ; Microspheres ; Models, Chemical ; Models, Molecular ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Subunits ; Repressor Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2005-03-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Case, Ryan B -- Chang, Yun-Pei -- Smith, Steven B -- Gore, Jeff -- Cozzarelli, Nicholas R -- Bustamante, Carlos -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Mar 4;307(5714):1409.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15746408" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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