ALBERT

Description: T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a heterogeneous disease comprising several biological and clinical entities. Based on recent studies and in agreement with the paradigm of multistep oncogenesis the notion that multiple genetic hits are cooperating in the generation of T-ALL has emerged. Genetic and functional data suggests that a stepwise alteration of at least four specific pathways is required before thymocytes become fully malignant: cell cycle deregulation, impaired differentiation, proliferation and survival advantage, and unlimited self-renewal capacity. As the sequential order of the genetic events remains widely elusive, we aimed to determine their consecutive acquisition in the model of NUP214-ABL1 positive T-ALL, which is always accompanied by either a TLX3 or TLX1 rearrangement as well as frequent loss of CDKN2A. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis of 102 childhood T-ALL patients and 12 matched relapse samples revealed a NUP214-ABL1 amplification in 5 samples, two of which were relapse samples and showed the aberration only at this stage of the disease. However, NUP214-ABL1-specific RT-PCR determined that the fusion gene was also present in those two diagnostic specimens in which aCGH failed to detect the amplification and FISH analysis showed ambiguous results with a minor fraction (5%) of positive cells. At relapse in one of these patients the NUP214-ABL1 fusion was found integrated and amplified at 7q, thus in contrast to the episomal form stably transmitted, and present in 65% of the cells. On the other hand, at diagnosis all five patients showed a TLX3 rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 〉60% of the cells. The data obtained by aCGH revealed also homozygous or heterozygous loss of CDKN2A (9p21) in four and one of the cases, respectively, and heterozygous deletion of WT1 (11p13) in three cases. FISH analysis confirmed the heterozygous loss of WT1 and inactivating mutations in the C-terminal zinc-finger motifs of the second allele were found in two of the patients. In one of these cases the WT1 mutation was readily detectable at the stage of relapse, but sensitive allele-specific PCR was required to trace the mutation back to the diagnostic sample, suggesting that - as typical for a tumor suppressor function - loss of the first allele was followed by complete inactivation of WT1 by mutation of the second allele during disease progression. Moreover, in this case monoallelic loss of WT1 was observed in 93% of the cells, whereas TLX3 was rearranged in only 63%. In contrast, in a second case exactly the opposite pattern was observed, namely monoallelic loss of WT1 in 42% and TLX3 rearrangement in 73% of the cells. In this sample, preliminary data obtained by consecutive FISH on the single cell level showed two copies of WT1 in TLX3 positive cells. Moreover, based on the aCGH data, which however still requires confirmation by sequential FISH experiments, CDKN2A was deleted in a very high percentage of the cells indicating that loss of this cell cycle regulating tumor suppressor is an early genetic event. Together our data suggest that rearrangement of TLX3 and loss of CDKN2A and WT1 precede the formation of the NUP214-ABL1 fusion and subsequent amplification. On the other hand loss of WT1 and TLX3 rearrangement may possibly occur in a changeable order, whereas the temporal occurrence of WT1 inactivating mutations remains to be determined.

Description: T-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia is frequently associated with recurrent genetic aberrations that result in the deregulation of transcription factors. In this respect, BCL11B plays a key role in the differentiation and survival during T-cell development. The 3′-located regulatory elements of BCL11B are juxtaposed to TLX3 by a cryptic t(5;14)(q35;q32) in approximately 20% of childhood T-ALL, which leads to inappropriate expression of TLX3. BCL11B can also fuse to TRDC through an inv(14)(q11.2q32.31) resulting in the expression of a BCL11B-TRDC fusion transcript in the absence of wild-type BCL11B. Moreover, a t(6;14) involving BCL11B and the 6q26 region has been described. We have identified a novel BCL11B rearrangement in a case of childhood T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. Cytogenetics detected a t(14;17)(q32;q21) and subsequent FISH analysis using BCL11B-spanning and BCL11B 3′-breakpoint-cluster-region flanking BAC clones revealed that BCL11B itself was not disrupted. However, a translocation breakpoint downstream of the BCL11B was observed suggesting the activation of a juxtaposed gene usually residing at 17q by the transcriptional regulatory elements of BCL11B. To narrow down the breakpoint at 17q a FISH-based chromosome-walking strategy using a set of chromosome 17q-specific BACs was employed. A BAC clone encompassing - from centromere to telomere - the genes RAB5C (a member of the RAS oncogene family), KCNH4 (potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily H (eag-related), member 4), HCRT (hypocretin (orexin) neuropeptide precursor), GHDC (GH3 domain containing; LGP1), STAT5B (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B), and the 5′-end of STAT5A showed a split signal indicating that one of these genes was juxataposed to the BCL11B enhancer. RAB5C, KCNH4, GHDC, and STAT5B are transcribed in a telomere-centromere orientation, whereas STAT5A shows the opposite transcriptional direction. Together with the FISH pattern observed these data suggested that STAT5A was the most likely candidate gene that might be inappropriately expressed via the regulatory elements of BCL11B. However, semi-quantitative expression analysis showed that neither STAT5A nor STAT5B were significantly upregulated in the affected lymph node as compared to normal bone marrow, peripheral blood, and thymus. In fact, compared to the expression levels in the other tissues STAT5A seemed to be expressed at lower levels. Thus, also the expression levels of RAB5C, KCNH4, and GHDC were analyzed. KCNH4 expression was almost undetectable in bone marrow, peripheral blood, and thymus and for all three genes no elevated expression was observed in the T-cell lymphoma. Owing to the unchanged expression of these genes also the transcription level of STAT3, which is localized further distal to the breakpoint determined by FISH was analyzed, and similar to STAT5A showed lower expression. However, depletion of STATs usually results in reduced cell viability and apoptosis. Together, our data suggest several scenarios: rearrangements of the region containing the remote enhancer of BCL11B are not necessarily accompanied by high expression of a gene juxtaposed into the close vicinity, expression levels of the juxtaposed gene may be just modulated rather than strongly enhanced, the presence of a more complex translocation undetectable by cytogenetics that results in the overexpression of a gene not obviously affected by the translocation or the generation of a fusion gene.