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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Steuerung de Entwicklungsrhythmik von Besiedlern unbeständiger Biochorien wurde am Beispiel der Raubmilbe Parasitus coleoptratorum, einem Kotbewohner, untersucht. Ausgehend von Beobachtungen von Rapp (1959), wonach sich die Deutonymphen, das Dauer-und Verbreitungsstadium dieser Art, auch, bei reichlicher Fütterung und hoher Luftfeuchtigkeit nur sehr langsam weiterentwickeln, sich jedoch durch Kontakt mit frischem Pferdekot innerhalb von 2–3 Tagen häuten, wurde die experimentelle Analyse dieser Entwicklungssteuerung versucht. 1. Haltung der Deutonymphen in hoher Luftfeuchte und reichliche F\:utterung mit Enchytr\:aen bewirkt eine H\:autungsrate von, 8,2% innerhalb von 3 Tagen. Bei Haltung auf frischem Pferdekot ohne zusätzliche Fütterung häuten sich 13,5% (in 3 Tagen). Werden die Deutonymphen zusammen mit Nahrungstieren in frischen Pferdekot gebracht, so häuten sich im selben Zeitraum 86,4% der Tiere. Es besteht also zwischen diesen beiden Faktoren eine synergistische Beziehung. 2. Die H\:autung der Deutonymphen erfolgt immer nur nach einer gewissen Gr\:o\sBenzunahme des K\:orpers. Diese stellt wahrscheinlich den ausl\:osenden Reiz f\:ur die H\:autung dar. Die Umweltfaktoren steuern die Entwicklungsrhythmik indirekt, indem sie die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit bestimmen. Während des Aufenthalts der Deutonymphen in Pferdekot zusammen mit Nahrungstieren nimmt die Körpergröße innerhalb von 18 Std um 11,6%, bei Haltung mit Nahrungstieren ohne Kot um 2,5% innerhalb von 72 Std zu. Die Auslösung der Häutung unter diesen Bedingungen ist somit durch stark intensivierte Nahrungsaufnahme zu erklären. 3. Die Art der Wirkung des Kotes lie\sB sich durch Ausschaltung einzelner Gliedma\sBen ermitteln. Amputation eines Schreitbeinpaares ergibt keine signifikante Änderung der Häutungsrate. Dies hängt wahrscheinlich mit der fehlenden Regenerationsfähigkeit bei Parasitus coleoptratorum zusammen. Die Entfernung des ersten Beinpaars und der Pedipalpen, und damit der wichtigsten chemischen Sinnesorgane, bewirkt dagegen eine Verzögerung der Häutung, ebenso auch die Amputation der Chelizeren, wodurch die Aufnahme von Nahrungstieren verhindert wird. Amputation der Chelizeren, wodurch die Aufnahme von Nahrungstieren verhindert wird. Der Kot wirkt also nur insofern auf die Auslösung der Häutung ein, als von ihm ausgehende chemische Sinnesreize die Appetenz der Deutonymphen zur Nahrungsaufnahme deutlich steigern. 4. Die Pr\:ufung verschiedener Eigenschaften des \ldKotreizes\rd ergab, da\sB es sich bei den wirksamen Faktoren um gasf\:ormige Abbauprodukte der Kotf\:aulnis handeln mu\sB, die auch noch nach weitgehender Zersetzung vorhanden sind. Durch Ammoniak ließ sich in gewissen Grenzen eine adäquate Reizsituation simulieren. 5. Bei der Dormanz der Deutonymphen von Parasitus coleoptratorum handelt es sich um eine nutritive Quieszenz, der ein nahrungsfremder, indirekt wirkender, chemischer Steuerfaktor \:uberlagert ist.
    Notes: Summary The control of development rhythm in inhabitants of transitory biochorions was investigated using the manure-inhabiting predacious mite Parasitus coleoptratorum (L. 1758, sensu Oudemans, 1908). The development of the deutonymphs, both the permanent and diffusion stage of this species, is almost arrested outside the manure substrate in spite of food availability (Enchytraeidae) and high humidity. If they are brought into contact with fresh horse droppings, molting follows within 2–3 days. Based on the observations of Rapp (1959) I attempted to analyze this control of development experimentally. 1. When the deutonymphs are kept in high humidity and well fed, a molting, rate of 8.2% can be observed within 3 days. If they are brought into contact with fresh horse droppings, a molting rateof 13.5% is noted within 3 days. If they are brought into contact with fresh horse droppings together with Enchytraeidae, a molting rate of 86.4% is noted in the same amount of time. Cooperating relationships must exist between these two factors. 2. The molting of the deutonymphs takes place only after a certain increase of size of the body. This is probably the trigger for molting. Environmental factors control the development indirectly by determining the speed of growth. When the deutonymphs are kept in horse droppings together with worms, the body size increases 11.6% within 18 hrs, if they are fed outside of the manure substrate the size increase is 2.5% within 72 hrs. Under these circumstances molting can be explained by an increased food intake. 3. The effect of the manure can be shown by experiments in which individual limbs are eliminated. Amputation of a pair of moving legs causes no significant change in the molting rate. This is probably based on the lack of regeneration in Parasitus coleoptratorum. However, amputation of the first pair of legs and the pedipalps, and therefore of the most important chemoreceptors of the mites, causes a delay in molting, as does the amputation of chelicerae, which hinders feeding. 4. The investigation of various qualities of the \ldmanure stimulus\rd shows that the effective factors must be gaseous decomposition products, that are still present after extensive decay. Ammonia can simulate and adequate stimulation within limits. 5. The dormany of the deutonymphs of Parasitus coleoptratorum is a nutritive quiesence superimposed by an indirect chemical control factor, alien to the food.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zoomorphology 110 (1991), S. 145-164 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A comparative investigation of the antennal circulatory organs in representatives of the Onychophora, all subtaxa of the Myriapoda and numerous taxa of the Hexapoda (comprising a total of 54 species) revealed an unexpected diversity in structure and function. In the Onychophora, antennal vessels exist which are connected to the enlarged anterior end of the aorta dorsal to the brain. In the Chilopoda, Diplopoda and Symphyla, antennal vessels exist which originate from the dorsal vessel caudal to the brain. They extend under the optic lobes, lateral to the circumoesophageal connectives, into the antennae. In the Hexapoda, the investigations include representatives of all higher taxa, apart from the Paraneoptera and the Holometabola. Generally, antennal vessels exist. In the Diplura, they originate from the anterior end of the aorta in front of the brain. In all other insects the antennal vessels are separate from the dorsal vessel. Their proximal ends form ampullary enlargements which are attached to the frontal cuticle near the antenna bases. They communicate via valved ostia with the haemolymph sinus in front of the brain. In the Archaeognatha, Zygentoma, Odonata, certain Plecoptera and the Notoptera, no muscles are connected to these organs. In all other groups the ampullae are pulsatile as a result of associated muscles (“antennal hearts”). These muscles diverge widely in their attachments and act either as compressors (Dermaptera) or dilators of the ampullae (Embioptera, Blattopteroidea, Orthopteroidea, and some Plecoptera). In the Collembola and Ephemeroptera, special antennal circulatory organs are lacking. In some forms the anatomical arrangement of the inner organs, in conjunction with short diaphragms at the antenna bases, apparently leads to a channelling of haemolymph flow. This condition may be explained by the very short antennae of these insects and is considered as a convergent and apomorphic state in these taxa. The antennal vessels are supposed to be homologous within the Tracheata and to represent the lateral arteries of the antenna segment. An origin from the dorsal vessel is considered an ancestral state, which was lost in the stem lineage of the Ectognatha. Specific space constraints within the cephalic capsule are discussed as the possible reason for this loss. The evolution of pulsatile antennal circulatory organs in the Neoptera is the result of the association of muscles with the proximal ampullary ends of the antennal vessels. The attachments and innervation of these muscles indicate a derivation from precerebral pharyngeal dilators.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The antennal circulatory organs of Melolontha are described for the first time. They consist of small sac-like ampullae located near the base of each antenna and connected to a long non-muscular antennal blood vessel. Small branches of this vessel extend into each lamella of the antennal club and open out distally. The membranous wall of the ampulla provides no contractile structures. An outer adjacent compressor muscle is responsible for the pumping movements of the ampulla and antagonist to it is an obviously elastic connective tissue band. The position of this elastic band causes the uncontracted muscle to be pulled away from the ampulla. As a consequence blood can enter the dilated ampulla through a valvular ostium. The functional type of the antennal circulatory organs in Melolontha is compared to that found in other insects and their histologic structure is interpreted in relation to mechanical and hemodynamical aspects. Furthermore the possible function of the antennal hearts in connection with the spreading of its lamellate antennal club is discussed.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Antennal heart ; Neurone morphology ; DUM-neurone ; Suboesophageal ganglion ; Neurohaemal organ ; Periplaneta americana (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Innervation of the antennal heart, an independent accessory circulatory motor in the head of insects, was investigated in the cockroach Periplaneta americana by use of axonal cobalt filling and transmission electron microscopy. The muscles associated with this organ are innervated by neurones located in a part of the suboesophageal ganglion, generally considered to be formed by the mandibular neuromere. Dorsal unpaired median (DUM) and paired contralateral neurones were stained. The axons of all these neurones run along the circumoesophageal connectives and through the paired nervus corporis cardiaci III into the corpora cardiaca. They pass through these organs forming fine arborizations there and exit anteriorly as a small pair of nerves which terminate at the antennal heart-dilator muscles. Numerous branches of these nerves extend beyond the lateral borders of the large transverse dilator muscle and terminate in the ampullar walls of the antennal heart. These neurosecretory fibres form neurohaemal areas which obviously release their products into the haemolymph, which is pumped into the antennae. The possible functions of the neurones associated with the antennal heart are discussed with respect to both, their role as a modulatory input for the circulatory motor and as a neurohormonal release site.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 255-268 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The antennal circulatory organ of Periplaneta americana and Blaberus craniifer was investigated by light and electron microscopy. This organ consists of two pulsatile ampullae located near the antennal base which are interconnected by a large transverse muscle and associated blood vessels which run into the antennae. Diastole is caused simultaneously in both ampullae by the transverse muscle. Systole is produced passively by the elasticity of the wall of the ampullae and minute accessory tendons. Both elastic structures contain fine unbanded extracellular filaments.The antennal vessels possess two distinct regions: a proximal convoluted region lying within the hemocoel of the head and a narrower distal region running through the antenna and opening near the antennal apex. The length of the proximal portion increases markedly during ontogeny in correlation with the growing antenna. Its wall consists of a high-prismatic epithelium ensheathed by a thick layer of collagen fibrils. The structure of the wall cells is comparable to that found in some salt transporting epithelia: it shows a polar organization with basal infoldings, a large number of mitochondria, and typical arrangement of the junctions or mitochondrial-scalariform junctional complexes. The possible physiological function of this epithelium in ionic or osmoregulation of the hemolymph entering the antenna is discussed. The wall of the distal vessel region consists of a flat single-layered epithelium and seems to be specialized only for delivery of hemolymph to antennae. The structure and function of the antennal heart in cockroaches is compared to that found in other insects.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2009-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0925-4773
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-6356
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2005-12-01
    Print ISSN: 1055-7903
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9513
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 8
  • 9
    Publication Date: 2012-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 1742-9994
    Topics: Biology
    Published by BioMed Central
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  • 10
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