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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 179 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 26 (1978), S. 195-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 257-268 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Hydroxyapatite ; Anorganic tissue ; Ethylenediamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode efficace et détaillée d'extraction de la matière minérale du tissu osseux à l'aide d'un appareil Soxhlet et d'éthylène diamine anhydre (ED), est décrite. L'éthylène diamine solubilise la portion organique (graisse et protéine) du tissu avec peu ou pas de modifications chimiques ou physiques de la phase minérale. Après traitement à l'éthylène diamine, la pièce est lavée à l'eau froide pour éliminer le solvant. La diffraction aux rayons X, la densité, les analyses chimiques et des études d'échange ont été utilisées pour étudier les modifications de la phase minérale pendant les procédés d'extraction et de lavage.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine detaillierte, wirksame Methode wird dargelegt, mit welcher aus Knochengewebe die Mineralsubstanz mit Hilfe eines Soxhlet-Apparates mittels wasserfreiem Äthylendiamin extrahiert werden kann. Das Äthylendiamin löst den organischen Anteil — Fett und Protein — des Gewebes mit geringer oder überhaupt keiner chemischen oder physikalischen Veränderung der Mineral phase. Nach der Behandlung mit Äthylendiamin wird die Probe mit kaltem Wasser gewaschen, um das Lösungsmittel zu entfernen. Röntgen-Diffraktion, Dichte, chemische Analyse und Austausch-Studien wurden verwendet, um Veränderungen in der Mineralsubstanz während der Extraktions- und Waschvorgänge zu überwachen.
    Notes: Abstract A detailed, efficient method of extracting mineral matter from bone tissue using a Soxhlet apparatus and anhydrous ethylenediamine is presented. The ethylenediamine solubilizes the organic portion, fat and protein, of the tissue with minor, if any, chemical or physical alteration of the mineral phase. After ethylenediamine treatment the sample is washed with cold water to eliminate the solvent. X-ray diffraction, density and chemical analyses and exchange studies have been used to monitor changes within the mineral matter during the extraction and washing procedures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ectopic calcification ; 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D ; hyperphosphatemia ; Bone ; Renal tubule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A 50-year-old Latin American man with tumoral calcinosis presented with hyperphosphatemia (6.62±1.04 SD mg/dl), elevated renal threshold phosphorus concentration (TmP) (7.3 mg/GFR), and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] (69 pg/ml) hypercalciuria (239 mg/day), and a high fractional intestinal calcium (Ca) absorption (0.74). Sodium cellulose phosphate therapy (20 g/day) lowered urinary Ca, and partially reduced serum phosphorus (P) and TmP to 5.91±0.63 mg/dl and 6.2 mg/GFR, respectively. Serum 1,25-(OH)120D remained elevated at 58–64 pg/ml. Amphojel therapy (4 oz/day) decreased urinary P to 23±21 mg/day and lowered serum P to 5.75±0.36 mg/dl (P〈0.05). TmP increased to a value of 8.0 mg/GFR while serum 1,25-(OH)2D continued to remain elevated at 53 pg/ml. This case illustrates the probable operation of dual abnormalities in tumoral calcinosis represented by augmented renal conservation of P and an elevation in the circulating concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 69-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone mineral ; Ion exchange ; Fluoride ; Magnesium ; Citrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'action du Mg2+, du citrate3−, du F− et du SO 4 2− sur les45Ca2+ et32PO 4 3− avec la phase minérale osseuse (extraite de l'éthylènediamine) est déterminée dans des conditions physiologiques. Le Mg2+ se substitue au Ca2+ au niveau de la pellicule liquide adhérente (enveloppe d'hydratation), alors que le citrate3− déplace PO 4 3− , à la fois, de la pellicule liquide adhérente et de la surface cristalline. Ces éléments à affinité pour l'os augmente ainsi la solubilité apparente du minéral osseux. A l'inverse, le F− diminue netterment la concentration de Ca2+ et du PO 4 3− dans la solution environante et dans la pellicule liquide adhérente, en formant probablement une couche de liaison de CaF2 à la surface cristalline. Il y a une absorption nette de Ca2+ et PO 4 3− par la phase solide en présence de Mg2+ et F−, qui ne s'observe pas dans les solutions de citrate. Le SO 4 2− n'affecte pas de façon significative la solubilité, la dissolution ou la croissance du minéral osseux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Mg2+, Citrat3−, F− und SO 4 2− auf den Austausch von45Ca2+ und32PO 4 3− mit dem Mineralanteil von Knochen (Ethylendiaminextraktion) wurde unter physiologischen Verhältnissen verfolgt. Mg2+ substituierte das Ca2+ des anhaftenden Flüssigkeitsfilms (Hydratationsschicht), während Citrat3− das PO 4 3− sowohl vom anhaftenden Flüssigkeitsfilm als auch von der Kristalloberfläche ersetzte. Diese vom Knochen angezogenen Elemente erhöhten demzufolge die scheinbare Löslichkeit des Knochenminerals. Dagegen reduzierte F− die Konzentration von Ca2+ und PO 4 3− wesentlich, sowohl in der umgebenden Lösung als auch im anhaftenden Flüssigkeitsfilm, vermutlich durch Bildung einer CaF2-bindenden Schicht auf der Oberfläche des Kristalls. In Gegenwart von Mg2+ und F− nahm diefeste Phase eindeutig Ca2+ und PO 4 3− auf, was bei Citrat3−-haltigen Lösungen nicht der Fall war. SO 4 2− veränderte weder die Löslichkeit noch die Auflösung oder das Wachstum des Knochenminerals significkant.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of Mg2+, citrate3−, F− and SO 4 2− on the exchange of45Ca2+ and32PO 4 3− with the mineral phase of bone (ethylenediamine-extracted) was determined under physiological conditions. Mg2+ substituted for Ca2+ at the adherent liquid film (hydration shell), while citrate3− displaced PO 4 3− from both the adherent liquid film and the crystal surface. These bone-seeking elements thus increased the apparent solubility of bone mineral. In contrast, F− markedly reduced the concentration of Ca2+ and PO 4 3− in both the ambient solution and the adherent liquid film, probably by inducing the formation of a CaF2 boundary layer at the crystal surface. There was a net uptake of Ca2+ and PO 4 3− by the solids phase in the presence of Mg2+ and F−, but not in citrate3− solutions. SO 4 2− did not significantly affect the solubility, dissolution, or growth of bone mineral.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1973-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0009-9236
    Electronic ISSN: 1532-6535
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Space flight produces a number of metabolic and physiological changes in the crewmembers exposed to microgravity. Following launch, body fluid volumes, electrolyte levels, and bone and muscle undergo changes as the human body adapts to the weightless environment. Changes in the urinary chemical composition may lead to the potentially serious consequences of renal stone formation. Previous data collected immediately after space flight indicate changes in the urine chemistry favoring an increased risk of calcium oxalate and uric acid stone formation (n = 323). During short term Shuttle space flights, the changes observed include increased urinary calcium and decreased urine volume, pH and citrate resulting in a greater risk for calcium oxalate and brushite stone formation (n = 6). Results from long duration Shuttle/Mir missions (n = 9) followed a similar trend and demonstrated decreased fluid intake and urine volume and increased urinary calcium resulting in a urinary environment saturated with the calcium stone-forming salts. The increased risk occurs rapidly upon exposure to microgravity, continues throughout the space flight and following landing. Dietary factors, especially fluid intake, or pharmacologic intervention can significantly influence the urinary chemical composition. Increasing fluid intake to produce a daily urine output of 2 liters/day may allow the excess salts in the urine to remain in solution, crystals formation will not occur and a renal stone will not develop. Results from long duration crewmembers (n = 2) who had urine volumes greater than 2.5 L/day minimized their risk of renal stone formation. Also, comparisons of stone-forming risk in short duration crewmembers clearly identified greater risk in those who produced less than 2 liters of urine/day. However, hydration and increased urine output does not correct the underlying calcium excretion due to bone loss and only treats the symptoms and not the cause of the increased urinary salts. Dietary modification and promising pharmacologic treatments may also be used to reduce the potential risk for renal stone formation. Potassium citrate is being used clinically to increase the urinary inhibitor levels to minimize the development of crystals and the growth of renal stones. Bisphosphonates are a class of drugs recently shown to help in patients with osteoporosis by inhibiting the loss of bones in elderly patients. This drug could potentially prevent the bone loss observed in astronauts and thereby minimize the increase in urinary calcium and reduce the risk for renal stone development. Results of NASA's renal stone risk assessment program clearly indicate that exposure to microgravity changes the urinary chemical environment such that there is an increased risk for supersaturation of stone-forming salts, including calcium oxalaie and brushite. These studies have indicated specific avenues for development of countermeasures for the increased renal stone risk observed during and following space flight. Increased hydration and implementation of pharmacologic countermeasures should largely mitigate the in-flight risk of renal stones.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: Proceedings of the First Biennial Space Biomedical Investigators' Workshop; 242
    Format: text
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The metabolic and environmental factors influencing renal stone formation before, during, and after Space Shuttle flights were assessed. We established the contributing roles of dietary factors in relationship to the urinary risk factors associated with renal stone formation. 24-hr urine samples were collected prior to, during space flight, and following landing. Urinary factors associated with renal stone formation were analyzed and the relative urinary supersaturation ratios of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate (brushite), sodium urate, struvite and uric acid were calculated. Food and fluid consumption was recorded for a 48-hr period ending with the urine collection. Urinary composition changed during flight to favor the crystallization of stone-forming salts. Factors that contributed to increased potential for stone formation during space flight were significant reductions in urinary pH and increases in urinary calcium. Urinary output and citrate, a potent inhibitor of calcium-containing stones, were slightly reduced during space flight. Dietary intakes were significantly reduced for a number of variables, including fluid, energy, protein, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium. This is the first in-flight characterization of the renal stone forming potential in astronauts. With the examination of urinary components and nutritional factors, it was possible to determine the factors that contributed to increased risk or protected from risk. In spite of the protective components, the negative contributions to renal stone risk predominated and resulted in a urinary environment that favored the supersaturation of stone-forming salts. The importance of the hypercalciuria was noted since renal excretion was high relative to the intake.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: NASA-TM-111752 , NAS 1.15:111752 , Journal of Urology
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Because spaceflight can provoke the formation of kidney stones, 24-hour urine samples for 104 male applicants were analyzed for stone-forming risk factors prior to their selection into the NASA astronaut-mission specialist corps. A high level of supersaturation (with either calcium oxalate, brushite, or monosodium urate) was noted in these applicants which predisposes them to the crystallization of stone-forming calcium salts. It is suggested that most of the abnormal stone risk factors found were environmental, rather than metabolic, in origin.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 0095-6562); 60; 157-161
    Format: text
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