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Response of small birch plants (Betula pendula Roth.) to elevated CO2 and nitrogen supply (1993)

PETTERSSON, R. ; McDONALD, A. J. S. ; STADENBERG, I.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 16 (1993), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Small birch plants were grown for up to 80 d in a climate chamber at varied relative addition rates of nitrogen in culture solution, and at ambient (350 μmol mol-1) or elevated (700 μmol mol-1) concentrations of CO2. The relative addition rate of nitrogen controlled relative growth rate accurately and independently of CO2 concentration at sub-optimum levels. During free access to nutrients, relative growth rate was higher at elevated CO2. Higher values of relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were associated with higher values of plant N-concentration. At all N-supply rates, elevated CO2 resulted in higher values of net assimilation rate, whereas leaf weight ratio was independent of CO2. Specific leaf area (and leaf area ratio) was less at higher CO2 and at lower rates of N-supply. Lower values of specific leaf area were partly because of starch accumulation. Nitrogen productivity (growth rate per unit plant nitrogen) was higher at elevated CO2. At sub-optimal N-supply, the higher net assimilation rate at elevated CO2 was offset by a lower leaf area ratio. Carbon dioxide did not affect root/shoot ratio, but a higher fraction of plant dry weight was found in roots at lower N-supply. In the treatment with lowest N-supply, five times as much root length was produced per amount of plant nitrogen in comparison with optimum plants. The specific fine root length at all N-supplies was greater at elevated CO2. These responses of the root system to lower N-supply and elevated CO2 may have a considerable bearing on the acquisition of nutrients in depleted soils at elevated CO2. The advantage of maintaining steady-state nutrition in small plants while investigating the effects of elevated CO2 on growth is emphasized.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb02069.x

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Effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on photosynthesis and growth of small birch plants (Betula pendula Roth.) at optimal nutrition (1992)

PETTERSSON, R. ; McDONALD, A. J. S.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 15 (1992), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Small birch plants (Betula pendula Roth.) were grown from seed for periods of up to 70d in a climate chamber at optimal nutrition and at present (350 μmol mol−1) or elevated (700 μmol mol−1) concentrations of atmospheric CO2. Nutrients were sprayed over the roots in Ingestad-type units. Relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were slightly higher at elevated CO2, whereas leaf area ratio was slightly lower. Smaller leaf area ratio was associated with lower values of specific leaf area. Leaves grown at elevated CO2 had higher starch concentrations (dry weight basis) than leaves grown at present levels of CO2. Biomass allocation showed no change with CO2, and no large effects on stem height, number of side shoots and number of leaves were found. However, the specific root length of fine roots was higher at elevated CO2. No large difference in the response of carbon assimilation to intercellular CO2 concentration (A/Ci curves) were found between CO2 treatments. When measured at the growth environments, the rates of photosynthesis were higher in plants grown at elevated CO2 than in plants grown at present CO2. Water use efficiency of single leaves was higher in the elevated treatment. This was mainly attributable to higher carbon assimilation rate at elevated CO2. The difference in water use efficiency diminished with leaf age. The small treatment difference in relative growth rate was maintained throughout the experiment, which meant that the difference in plant size became progressively greater. Thus, where plant nutrition is sufficient to maintain maximum growth, small birch plants may potentially increase in size more rapidly at elevated CO2.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb01023.x

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3

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An evaluation of techniques for measuring yield turgor in excised Salix leaves (1992)

SANDS, R. ; McDONALD, A. J. S. ; STADENBERG, I.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 15 (1992), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract. The use of three techniques for determining yield turgor in excised Salix leaves was investigated. These were the osmotic-solutions technique, the psychrometer technique, and the pressure-chamber technique. The application of the osmotic-solutions technique to a range of leaf types was discussed and the appropriate corrections for volume changes and the contribution of apoplastic water were detailed. It was concluded that the osmotic-solutions technique is not satisfactory for use with slowly growing and/or very elastic leaves. The psychrometer and pressure-chamber techniques were both simple compared with the osmotic-solutions technique, and gave values for yield turgor in the range of 0·3–0·5 MPa. A disadvantage of the psychrometer technique for field applications is that it requires one psychrometer chamber per sample. The pressure-chamber technique was modified for use as a field technique where multiple sampling could be easily and inexpensively achieved. Particular care was required with this technique to prevent water loss from the leaf during stress relaxation, but simple and effective procedures for doing so were found. The modified pressure-chamber technique described here, is recommended as the preferred technique for measuring the yield turgor of leaves in experiments where many simultaneous estimates of yield turgor are to be made.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb01463.x

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4

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Effects of nitrogen deprivation on cell division and expansion in leaves of Ricinus communis L. (1999)

ROGGATZ, U. ; McDONALD, A. J. S. ; STADENBERG, I. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 22 (1999), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: The effects of nitrogen deprivation on leaf extension, cell numbers and epidermal cell size were followed in leaves of Ricinus communis L. The extent to which reductions in final cell number or final epidermal cell size contributed to the reduction in final leaf size depended on the developmental stage of the leaf at the time of N deprivation. In leaves which already had their full complement of cells (leaf 2), the reduction in final leaf size following nitrogen deprivation was associated with a reduction in final cell size. In leaves that were at earlier stages of development at the onset of N deprivation (leaves 3 and 4), the reduction in final leaf size was greater than in leaf 2. In these younger leaves, the final cell size was even smaller than in leaf 2, but the greatest contribution to reduced final leaf size was a reduction in the number of cells produced. This accounted for approximately 80% of the reduction in final leaf size in leaf 4. During leaf development, the contribution from different tissue layers to the total cell number changed. In the smallest leaf sizes, the contribution from upper and lower epidermis and spongy parenchyma was greater than that from palisade parenchyma. As the leaf size increased, cells in the palisade parenchyma continued to divide for longer than in the other layers. At final leaf size, the contribution from the different tissue layers to total cell number was the same for leaves 2, 3 and 4, irrespective of N treatment. In these final leaf structures, palisade parenchyma contributed 60% of the total cell number. Thus, although nitrogen deprivation affected leaf size variously through cell division and cell expansion, depending on leaf developmental stage at the time of nitrogen deprivation, the ratio of cell numbers and sizes in different tissue layers, at final leaf size, was unaffected.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00383.x

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5

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Dependence of starch storage on nutrient availability and photon flux density in small birch Betula pendula Roth) (1986)

McDONALD, A. J. S. ; ERICSSON, A. ; LOHAMMAR, T.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 9 (1986), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Small birch plants (Betula pendula Roth) were grown in a climate chamber at different levels of nutrient availability and at two photon flux densities. The extent to which starch storage was dependent upon nutrient availability and photon flux density was investigated.Acclimated values of starch concentration in leaves were highest at low nutrient availability and high photon flux density. Starch storage in roots was only found at the lowest nutrient availability. However, the relative rate of starch storage (starch stored per unit plant dry weight and time) was higher in plants with good nutrition.The data suggest that, at sub-optimal nutrient availability, the momentary rate of net shoot photosynthesis is unlikely to limit the structural (as opposed to carbon storage) growth of the plant. Although photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area (as measured at the growth climate) was slightly lower in plants with poor nutrient availability, photosynthetic rate per unit leaf nitrogen was higher. These data suggest a priority of leaf nitrogen usage in photosynthesis, with limiting amounts of leaf nitrogen (and possibly other nutrients) for subsequent growth processes. This argument is consistent with the higher concentrations of starch found in plants with poor nutrient availability.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1986.tb01757.x

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Growth response to step-decrease in nutrient availability in small birch (Betula pendula Roth) (1986)

McDONALD, A. J. S. ; LOHAMMAR, T. ; ERICSSON, A.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 9 (1986), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Changes in the uptake and allocation of carbon and nitrogen, after a step-decrease in nutrient availability, were investigated in small birch (Betula pendula Roth). By demonstrating stable nutrition, before and after the decrease in nutrient supply, it was possible to eliminate the effects of plant size and age. Immediately following the step-decrease in nutrient availability, net nitrogen uptake to leaves and the relative rate of increase in shoot area tended to zero. Although photosynthetic rate per shoot area decreased, carbon uptake remained in excess of that used in structural growth and respiration. More of the excess carbon was accumulated as starch in leaves than in roots. After a lag phase, the relative rates of increase in plant dry matter, starch amount, net nitrogen uptake to leaves and shoot area development equalled that of the reduced rate of nutrient supply. It is concluded that the reduction in plant relative growth rate was much more attributable to the reduced allocation of photosynthate to leaf area growth than to the reduction in photosynthesis per shoot area.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1986.tb01756.x

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7

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Interaction between nitrogen and photon flux density in birch seedlings at steady-state nutrition (1989)

Ingestad, T. ; McDonald, A. J. S.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Physiologia plantarum 77 (1989), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Birch (Betula pendula Roth.) was investigated under steady-state nutrition and growth at different incident photon flux densities (PFD) and different relative addition rates of nitrogen. PFD had a strong influence on the relative growth rate at optimum nutrition and on the nitrogen productivity (growth rate per unit of nitrogen) but little effect on the formal relationships between nitrogen and growth, i.e. PFD and nitrogen nutrition are orthogonal growth factors. At a given suboptimum nitrogen (the same distance from optimum), increased PFD increased the relative growth rate and, therefore, the relative uptake rate and the required relative addition rate in accordance with the theoretical equality between these three parameters at steady-state nutrition. Correspondingly, at a given suboptimum relative addition rate, increased PFD decreased nitrogen status (larger distance from optimum) at an unchanged relative growth rate. Nutrient uptake rate, dry matter content, and partitioning of biomass and nutrients are strongly influenced by nitrogen status. PFD influences these characteristics, but only to an extent corresponding to its effect on the nitrogen status. The influence of PDF on the relative growth rate at optimum and on nitrogen productivity is well described by hyperbolic relationships, similar to reported PFD/photosynthesis relationships. These expressions for plant growth as well as the productivities of leaf area and quantum appear to be valuable characteristics of plant responses to light and nutrition. Although the calculated PFD/growth relationships indicate saturation at high values of PFD, a more realistic estimate of PFD at which saturation occurs is about 30 mol m−2 day−1, where the highest relative growth rate and nitrogen productivity were experimentally determined. No significant effect was observed because of day length differences between the present and previous experiments.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1989.tb05970.x

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8

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Differences in chemical composition of plants grown at constant relative growth rates with stable mineral nutrition (1985)

Waring, R. H. ; McDonald, A. J. S. ; Larsson, S. ; [et al.]

Springer

Oecologia 66 (1985), S. 157-160

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary Leaf chemistry of a willow clone (Salix aquatica Smith) differed significantly when grown at constant relative growth rates depending upon the relative availability of nutrients and light. Concentration of amino acids and nitrate were high in plants grown with a relative surplus of nutrients. Concentrations of starch, tannin, and lignin, on the other hand, were high in plants grown with a relative surplus of carbon. Photosynthetic rates, expressed per unit leaf area, were similar when plants were grown under high light conditions, regardless of nutrient availability. Dark respiration was much higher in plants supplied with abundant nutrients than in those with a more limited supply, reflecting differences in nitrogen concentration of the tissue. The experimental approach allows plants to be grown to a standard size with differing, but highly uniform chemistry. Plants grown in such a manner may provide good experimental material to evaluate interactions between herbivores or pathogens and their hosts.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379849

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