ALBERT

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Foreword. - Preface. - PART 1. CLIMATE. - Large-scale eddies and the general circulation of the troposphere / Isaac M. Held and Brian J. Hoskins. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The Hadley cell. - 3. Rossby wave radiation. - 4. Eddy flux closure. - 5. Stationary eddies and their interaction with transients. - References. - On the role of barotropic energy conversions in the general circulation / J. M. Wallace and N.-C. Lau. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Structure of the transient eddies. - 3. A vectorial representation of the barotropic conversion. - 4. Observational results. - 5. Results based on GCM simulations. - 6. Net transient eddy forcing of the mean flow. - 7. Further interpretation. - References. - Balance conditions in the earth's climate system / Abraham H. Oort. - 1. Introduction. - 2. History of observational studies at the geophysical fluid dynamics laboratory. - 3. Global balance requirements for angular momentum, water, and Energy. - 4. Summary. - References. - Climate sensitivity / Robert E. Dickinson. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Sensitivity analyses from the viewpoint of global energy balance. - 3. The global feedback parameter. - 4. Ice-Albedo Feedbacks. - 5. Thermal inertia. - 6. Climate sensitivity and paleoclimates. - 7. Land-surface processes and regional climate sensitivity. - 8. Questions of statistical significance. - 9. Concluding remarks. - References. - CO2 and hydrology / Syukuro Manabe and Richard T. Wetherald. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Numerical experiments. - 3. Annual mean response. - 4. Seasonal response. - 5. Concluding remarks. - References. - Modeling of paleoclimates / John E. Kutzbach. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Setting the stage. - 3. Observations of paleoclimates. - 4. Modeling of paleoclimates. - 5. Summary and prospects for the future. - References. - The Southern Oscillation and El Niño / S. George Philander and Eugene M. Rasmusson. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Seasonal variability. - 3. Interannual variability. - 4. The 1982-1983 Episode. - 5. Teleconnections. - 6. Air-sea interactions. - 7. Discussion. - References. - PART 2. THE MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE. - Some aspects of stratospheric dynamics / Dennis L. Hartmann. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The concept of a stratosphere driven from below. - 3. Planetary wave propagation and wave-mean-flow interaction. - 4. Instability in the stratosphere. - 5. Conclusion. - References. - Wave-mean flow interaction in the middle atmosphere / David G. Andrews. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Theoretical background. - 3. Sudden warmings in the polar stratosphere. - 4. The Quasi-biennial oscillation of the equatorial lower stratosphere. - 5. Other wave-mean-flow interaction phenomena. - 6. Conclusions and future outlook. - References. - Radiative-dynamical interactions in the middle atmosphere / Stephen B. Fels. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Radiative imbalances in the winter middle atmosphere. - 3. Radiative damping of waves in the middle atmosphere. - 4. A final speculation. - References. - Mechanistic interpretation of stratospheric tracer transport / J. D. Mahlman. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Model description and design of experiments. - 3. The THETA Tracer Experiment. - 4. The PHI Tracer Experiment. - 5. Summary. - References. - PART 3. PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES. - The general circulation of Mars: models and observations / Conway B. Leovy. - 1. Why model Mars?. - 2. Early models: a flat Mars. - 3. Mars with topography. - 4. Mariner and Viking observations: the role of dust. - 5. Lessons from Mars. - References. - Atmospheric circulation of Venus / William B. Rossow. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Development of the problem. - 3. Limitations of fact and theory. - 4. New formulation of Venus questions. - 5. Summary. - References. - Jovian and comparative atmospheric modeling / Gareth P. Williams. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Observations for dynamical modeling. - 3. Numerical modeling: planetary turbulences, coherence, circulations. - 4. Planetary prospects. - 5. Conclusion. - References. - PART 4. OCEAN DYNAMICS. - Modeling ocean circulation / Kirk Bryan and Jorge L. Sarmiento. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The model. - 3. Zonally averaged transport of mass, heat, and potential vorticity. - 4. Pycnocline structure. - 5. Transient response. - 6. Tritium simulations. - 7. Summary. - References. - Tropical oceanography / S. George Philander. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Jets and waves. - 3. The equatorial undercurrent. - 4. The Somali current. - 5. Discussion. - References. - Simulation of mesoscale ocean variability in mid-latitude gyres / William R. Holland. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The observations. - 3. Eddy-resolved ocean models. - 4. Speculations and conclusions. - References. - Modeling circulation and mixing in estuaries and coastal oceans / Alan F. Blumberg and Li-Yauw Oey. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Some problems. - 3. Models and model results and interpretations. - 4. Future directions and concluding remarks. - References. - Modeling sea-ice dynamics / W. D. Hibler, III. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Theory of sea-ice dynamics. - 3. The role of sea-ice dynamics in the atmosphere-ocean system. - 4. Concluding remarks. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Foreword. - Preface. - PART 1. NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION. - Medium-range forecasting at the ECMWF / Lennart Bengtsson. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The physical and mathematical basis for medium-range forecasting. - 3. Numerical methods and modeling techniques. - 4. Observations, their use and importance. - 5. Operational application and results. - 6. Problems and prospects in numerical weather prediction. - 7. Concluding remarks. - References. - Extended range forecasting / K. Miyakoda and J. Sirutis. - 1. Introduction. - 2. An evolution of 10-day forecast performance. - 3. Examples of monthly forecasts. - 4. A projection of seasonal forecasts. - 5. Postscript. - References. - Predictability / J. Shukla. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Classical predictability studies. - 3. Predictability of space-time averages. - 4. Some outstanding problems. - 5. Concluding remarks. - References. - Data Assimilation / W. Bourke, R. Seaman, and K. Puri. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Evolution of assimilation and the FGGE. - 3. Components of four-dimensional assimilation systems. - 4. Characteristics of some current Assimilation schemes. - 5. Role of four-dimensional assimilation in research and operations. - 6. Conclusion. - References. - PART 2. MESOSCALE DYNAMICS. - Predictability of mesoscale atmospheric motions / Richard A. Anthes, Ying-Hwa Kuo, David P. Baumhefner, Ronald M. Errico, and Thomas W. Bettge. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Classic predictability experiments and their relationship to mesoscale predictability. - 3. Preliminary predictability study with a mesoscale model. - 4. Discussion and comparison with a predictability study using a global model. - 5. Summary and conclusions. - References. - Thermal and orographic mesoscale atmospheric systems - an essay / Roger A. Pielke. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Summary of major research accomplishments. - 3. Research areas. - 4. Eventual goals. - References. - Advances in the theory of atmospheric fronts / I. Orlanski, B. Ross, L. Polinsky, and R. Shaginaw. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Baroclinic waves and fronts. - 3. Mature front. - 4. What observed features can be explained by theory?. - 5. What other processes are important in Frontogenesis?. - References. - PART 3. TROPICAL DYNAMICS. - Numerical modeling of tropical cyclones / Yoshio Kurihara. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Numerical models of hurricanes. - 3. Numerical simulation of tropcial cyclones. - 4. Some challenging issues in the future. - Appendix. GFDL Hurricane Model. - References. - Numerical weather prediction in low latitudes / T. N. Krishnamurti. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Initialization: dynamic, normal mode, and physical. - 3. Parameterization of physical processes. - 4. Medium-range prediction of monsoon disturbances. - 5. On the prediction of the quasi-Stationary component. - 6. Scope of future research. - References. - PART 4. TURBULENCE AND CONVECTION. - Sub-grid-scale turbulence modeling / J. W. Deardorff. - 1. Introduction: the need for grid-scale Reynolds averaging. - 2. The effect of grid-volume Reynolds averaging. - 3. The sub-grid scale Eddy Coefficient. - 4. Recent developments. - 5. Future outlook. - References. - Ensemble average, turbulence closure / George L. Mellor. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The turbulence macroscale and turbulence closure. - 3.Averaging distance for measurements in the atmosphere and oceans and for numerical models. - 4. Numerical modeling applications and horizontal diffusion. - 5. Concluding remarks. - References. - The planetary boundary layer / H. A. Panofsky. - 1. General characteristics. - 2. The equations in the PBL. - 3. The surface layer. - 4. First- and second-order closures. - 5. Boundary-layer models. - 6. Boundary-layer parameterization. - References. - Modeling studies and convection / Yoshi Ogura. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Bénard-Rayleigh Convection. - 3. Complexity of convection in the atmosphere. - 4. Shallow moist convection. - 5. Deep moist convection. - 6. Feedback effects of cumulus clouds on larger-scale environments. - 7. Concluding remarks. - References. - Index.