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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 6728-6730 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Device-quality hydrogenated amorphous silicon containing as little as 1/10 the bonded H observed in device-quality glow discharge films have been deposited by thermal decomposition of silane on a heated filament. These low H content films show an Urbach edge width of 50 mV and a spin density of ∼1/100 as large as that of glow discharge films containing comparable amounts of H. High substrate temperatures, deposition in a high flux of atomic H, and lack of energetic particle bombardment are suggested as reasons for this behavior.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 1650-1658 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A systematic series of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H films) has been deposited by the hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) technique onto crystalline silicon substrates, and the H bonding has been examined by infrared spectroscopy. All deposition parameters were kept the same, except that the substrate temperature (TS) was varied to affect changes in the film H content. Although the peak position of the Si–H stretch mode changes minimally with increasing substrate temperature, the stretch mode shape changes, becoming more intense (compared to the height of the wag mode) and considerably narrower. We show, through annealing experiments, that this narrow stretch mode may be a universal feature of low H content films, and suggest interpretations for this finite (narrow) linewidth. By correlations with x-ray diffraction data, we also show that the narrowing of the stretch mode peak for low H content HWCVD films is an indication of improved lattice ordering, and suggest that this improved ordering might also exist for other types of low H content a-Si:H films as well. However, for the as-grown HWCVD films the narrowing of the stretch mode peak width at lower H contents does not completely compensate for the increase in peak height, and as a result the integrated intensity of the peak mode (relative to that of the wag mode) increases. We comment on the differences between as-grown, low H content a-Si:H HWCVD films and high H content films annealed to reduce the film H content to comparable levels, and discuss possible reasons for these intensity changes versus sample H content. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 5038-5047 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The structure of a-Si:H, deposited at rates in excess of 100 Å/s by the hot wire chemical vapor deposition technique, has been examined by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, H evolution, and small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). The films examined in this study were chosen to have roughly the same bonded H content CH as probed by infrared spectroscopy. As the film deposition rate Rd is increased from 5 to 〉140 Å/s, we find that the short range order (from Raman), the medium range order (from XRD), and the peak position of the H evolution peak are invariant with respect to deposition rate, and exhibit structure consistent with a state-of-the-art, compact a-Si:H material deposited at low deposition rates. The only exception to this behavior is the SAXS signal, which increases by a factor of ∼100 over that for our best, low H content films deposited at ∼5 Å/s. We discuss the invariance of the short and medium range order in terms of growth models available in the literature, and relate changes in the film electronic structure (Urbach edge, as-grown defect density) to the increase in the SAXS signals. We also note the invariance of the saturated defect density versus Rd, measured after light soaking, and discuss possible reasons why the increase in the microvoid density apparently does not play a role in the Staebler–Wronski effect for this type of material. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 7278-7292 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The deposition parameter space has been extensively explored using the hot wire technique with 1% SiH4 in He as a source gas. To achieve reasonable deposition rates despite the high dilution, the filament was positioned at 1–2 cm from the substrate. This short distance introduced a large nonuniformity across the substrate in deposition rate as well as in film properties. These spatial variations were used to analyze which factors in the deposition determine film quality. Radiation from the filament as well as deposition rate cannot explain the large variation in film properties, leaving gas-phase reactions of Si and H from the hot filament as the primary cause. It is clear that radicals evaporated from the filament must undergo gas-phase reactions with SiH4 before deposition in order to produce high-quality material. Thus, conditions such as increasing the chamber pressure or going to a heavier carrier gas increase the fraction of radicals that can react before reaching the substrate and, therefore, improve the film quality. However, such conditions also enhance multiple radical reactions before such radicals reach the substrate and this can have a negative effect on film quality: this is attributed to gas-phase nucleation with incorporation of conglomerates. The gas-phase chemistry is quite different from that of plasma-enhanced decomposition in that no disilane or trisilane is formed in significant quantities. This, and the dependence on pressure, indicates that the pathway for formation of these heavier particles is radical–radical reactions. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 55 (1989), S. 783-785 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The microstructure of hydrogenated amorphous silicon-carbon alloys has been analyzed by small-angle x-ray scattering, infrared absorption, and density measurements. Decreasing density with C incorporation is due to microvoids about 0.6 nm in average radius, which are either approximately spherical in shape or randomly oriented nonspheres. The microvoid number density increases from about 5×1019/cm3 for a-Si:H to about 4×1020/cm3 for a-Si0.7 C0.3 :H. The CH3 species probably causes the enhanced microvoid formation in these alloys. A large fraction of the microvoid surfaces is not hydrogenated.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 54 (1989), S. 1247-1249 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This work compares changes in the density of states due to light-induced degradation estimated by photoconductivity with those measured by photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) on a series of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) films having different valence bandtail widths (E0 ). We find that the photoconductivity measurements indicate orders of magnitude larger defect density changes than do the PDS measurements as the valence bandtail becomes broader. This conflict is resolved by showing that this difference is due to changes in the recombination rate coefficient K with valence bandtail width. The absolute change in K increases exponentially with E0. However, the change in K relative to the K of the annealed state decreases with E0, explaining why poor material shows a smaller light-induced effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 52 (1988), S. 1587-1589 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Using a parameter obtained from infrared measurements of the silicon-hydrogen stretch mode, the amout of light-induced degradation in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) has been explored as a function of the amount of microstructure present in our samples. We find that samples with more microstructure, and also more bonded hydrogen, show an increased light-induced effect. At the same time, the volume density of states in the initial (annealed) state remains virtually unchanged. We discuss how the present results relate to existing models proposed to describe the light-induced effect.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 51 (1987), S. 1167-1169 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Infrared measurements have been used as a means of quantifying the amount of hydrogenated amorphous silicon and amorphous silicon alloy microstructure. Using a parameter obtained from these infrared measurements, the Urbach edge of amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), amorphous silicon carbon (a-SiC:H), and amorphous silicon germanium (a-SiGe:H) obtained from photothermal deflection spectroscopy measurements fall on the same curve. This suggests that the decreasing steepness of the Urbach edge, observed to occur with increasing alloying, is due primarily to microstructural effects and not to increased structural or compositional disorder. Based upon this correlation, we suggest an explanation for the observed decrease in alloy material photoconductivity with increasing alloy content.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 82 (1997), S. 1909-1917 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) has been deposited using a hot tungsten filament in pure silane to drive the deposition chemistry—the "hot-wire" deposition method. The electronic and infrared properties of the film have been measured as a function of deposition parameters, leading to three principal conclusions. First, to obtain a high quality material, the Si atoms evaporated from the filament (distance L from the substrate) must react with silane (density ns) before reaching the substrate; this requires nsL greater than a critical value. Second, radical-radical reactions cause deterioration of film properties at high values of G(nsL),3 where G is the film growth rate; this requires G(nsL)3 less than a critical value. Finally, the film quality is a function of G, and as G is increased the substrate temperature must be correspondingly increased to obtain high film quality. By optimizing these parameters, we have produced films with excellent electronic properties (e.g., ambipolar diffusion length 〉200 nm) at 〉5 nm/s deposition rate. Based on these insights, formulas are also given for optimizing film properties in multiple-filament geometries and in diluted silane. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 78 (2001), S. 3788-3790 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Hydrogenated amorphous-silicon (a-Si:H) is grown by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) at deposition rates (Rd) exceeding 140 Å/s (∼0.8 μm/min). These high rates are achieved by using multiple filaments and deposition conditions different than those used to produce our standard 20 Å/s material. With proper deposition parameter optimization, an AM1.5 photo-to-dark-conductivity ratio of 105 is maintained at an Rd up to 130 Å/s, beyond which it decreases. In addition, the first saturated defect densities of high Rd a-Si:H films are presented. These saturated defected densities are similar to those of the best HWCVD films deposited at 5–8 Å/s, and are invariant with Rd up to 130 Å/s. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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