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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Source mechanisms of earthquakes : theory and practice (2014)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Details Availability
    Call number: M 14.0133 ; M 14.0159
    Description / Table of Contents: This book presents an innovative new approach to studying source mechanisms of earthquakes, combining theory and observation in a unified methodology, with a key focus on the mechanics governing fault failures. It explains source mechanisms by building from fundamental concepts such as the equations of elasticity theory to more advanced problems including dislocation theory, kinematic models and fracture dynamics. The theory is presented first in student-friendly form using consistent notation throughout, and with full, detailed mathematical derivations that enable students to follow each step. Later chapters explain the widely-used practical modelling methods for source mechanism determination, linking clearly to the theoretical foundations, and highlighting the processing of digital seismological data. Providing a unique balance between application techniques and theory, this is an ideal guide for graduate students and researchers in seismology, tectonophysics, geodynamics and geomechanics, and a valuable practical resource for professionals working in seismic hazard assessment and seismic engineering.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: x, 302 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
    ISBN: 9781107040274
    Classification:
    Seismology
    Language: English
    Note: Earthquakes and fault motion. pp. 1-21. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.002 --- Processing and analysis of recorded seismic signals. pp. 22-40. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.003 --- Mathematical representation of the source. pp. 41-62. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.004 --- Point source models. pp. 63-89. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.005 --- The seismic moment tensor. pp. 90-107. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.006 --- Determination of point source mechanisms. pp. 108-134. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.007 --- Kinematics of extended sources. pp. 135-162. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.008 --- Determination of source dimensions. pp. 163-188. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.009 --- Simple dynamic models. pp. 189-204. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.010 --- Dynamics of fracture. Homogeneous models. pp. 205-231. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.011 --- Fracture dynamics. Heterogeneous models. pp. 232-258. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.012 --- Modeling earthquakes using fracture dynamics. pp. 259-283. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.013
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ray perturbation theory for interfaces (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 99 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: We propose a new formalism for the calculation of perturbations of ray trajectories and amplitudes in laterally heterogeneous medium. A Hamiltonian technique leads to a unified approach for the calculation of paraxial rays and rays perturbed by small changes of velocity distribution and interface shape. Instead of using ray centred coordinates as in the classical approach to dynamic ray tracing, we use straightforward cartesian coordinates. This has the advantage that paraxial rays may be referred to the unperturbed ray in a very flexible way. We first study perturbation of initial conditions or paraxial ray tracing. With this technique an ensemble of rays propagating in the vicinity of a central ray is traced with the help of the so-called paraxial ray propagator. This ray propagator is the basis of all the techniques discussed in this paper. Its efficient determination is discussed and we propose a finite element approach in which the medium is divided into a set of trapezoidal elements with simple velocity distribution. We propose that the simpler results are obtained when a constant gradient of the square of the slowness is adopted in each element. In the second part of the paper we calculate the effect of perturbations of the velocity structure and interfaces upon ray trajectories, amplitudes and waveforms. Our results can be easily adapted for the calculation of Frechet derivatives for the linearized inversion of travel times, amplitudes and waveforms. Finally, we present an example of the calculation of synthetic seismograms in a simple medium with a perturbed interface. Simplified expressions for the calculation of perturbed rays in a few typical reference media are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1989.tb01695.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-dimensional asymptotic iterative elastic inversion (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 108 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: An asymptotic linearized iterative elastic inversion method is proposed to invert 2-D Earth parameters from multicomponent data and is tested numerically. The forward problem is solved by a combination of the Born approximation and ray theoretical methods. We express the perturbed seismogram in terms of perturbations of P- and S-wave impedances and density. The inversion method is based on generalized least squares. We introduce a special form of the ρ2 norm with a weighting function that corrects for geometrical spreading and obliquity of the reflectors. The Hessian for this norm could be estimated in a closed form that is asymptotically valid at high frequencies. We propose a quasi-Newtonian iterative method for the solution of the inverse problem. The first iteration of this inversion method resembles the operator proposed by Beylkin (1985) and Beylkin & Burridge (1990) for the asymptotic inversion of seismic data. Our method is more general than theirs because it can handle arbitrary discrete distributions of sources and receivers. Elastic inversion is generally ill-posed because the problem is overdetermined but undersampled. We study the resolution of the asymptotic inversion method for general sets of sources and receivers. We show that simultaneous inversion for both P- and S-wave impedance is generally ill-conditioned if data for a single scattering mode are available. In particular, it seems that only one parameter can be reliably resolved from marine data. Simultaneous inversion for a finite set of parameters can be resolved only for multicomponent elastic data containing both P-wave and S-wave information. Inversion tests using synthetic data calculated by finite-differences demonstrates that it is possible to invert simultaneously for P and S impedances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1992.tb04637.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction (1991)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 136 (1991), S. 371-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878575
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic faulting under rate-dependent friction (1994)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 142 (1994), S. 419-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; fracture ; elastodynamics ; friction ; earthquakes ; boundary integral equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We discuss the effects of rate-dependent friction on the propagation of seismic rupture on active faults. Several physicists using Burridge and Knopoff's box and spring model of faulting have proposed that fault complexity may arise from the spontaneous development of a self-similar stress distribution on the fault plane. If this model proves to be correct, it has important consequences for the origin of the complexity of seismic sources. In order to test these ideas on a more realistic earthquake model, we developed a new boundary integral equation method for studying rupture propagation along an antiplane fault in the presence of nonlinear rate-dependent friction. We study rupture dynamics of models with single and twin asperities. In our models, asperities are places on the fault with a higher value of prestress. Othewise all fault parameters are homogeneous. We show that for models with such asperities, a slip velocity weakening friction leads to the propagation of supersonic healing phases and to the spontaneous arrest of fracture if the prestress outside the asperities is low enough. For models with asperities, we can also observe narrow slip velocity pulses, qualitatively similar to the so-called Heaton pulses observed in some earthquake accelerograms. We also observe a complex distribution of stress after the rupture that depends on details of the initial distribution of asperities and on the details of the friction law.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876049
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implications of stress-drop models of earthquakes for the inversion of stress drop from seismic observations (1977)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 301-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Stress drop ; Earthquake source theory ; Earthquake source dimension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We discuss the inversion of stress drops from seismic observations on the basis of crack or stress-drop models of earthquake mechanism. Since a formal inverse problem cannot be posed at present we discuss implications of solutions to direct problems. We first discuss the static approximations used to obtain stress drop from seismic moment and source dimensions. We show that the geometrical effects are quite significant if only one source dimension has been retrieved from seismic observations. The effect of variable stress drop is discussed and we show that the inverted stress drop is not a simple average of the actual stress drops on the fault. We discuss the energy release during faulting and show that the apparent stress has a complicated relation to the stress drop on the fault. We also show that the static stress drops obtained by seismologists are a lower bound to the actual dynamic stress drops on the fault. This may in part explain disagreements with laboratory results. Finally, we discuss the inversion of source dimensions from the far-field radiation. We analyse two extreme, simple dynamical source models, a circular fault and a rectangular fault and show that geometry has a much more pronounced effect on radiation than is usually acknowledged.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01637111
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  • 7
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    Fast and Slow Slip Events Emerge Due to Fault Geometrical Complexity (2018)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Description: Active faults release elastic strain energy via a whole continuum of modes of slip, ranging from devastating earthquakes to slow slip events (SSEs) and persistent creep. Understanding the mechanisms controlling the occurrence of rapid, dynamic slip radiating seismic waves (i.e., earthquakes) or slow, silent slip (i.e., SSEs) is a fundamental point in the estimation of seismic hazard along subduction zones. Using the numerical implementation of a simple rate-weakening fault model, we show that the simplest of fault geometrical complexities with uniform rate-weakening friction properties give rise to both SSEs and fast earthquakes without appealing to complex rheologies or mechanisms. We argue that the spontaneous occurrence, the characteristics and the scaling relationship of SSEs and earthquakes emerge from geometrical complexities. The geometry of active faults should be considered as a complementary mechanism to current numerical models of SSEs and fast earthquakes. ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Geophysical Union
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  • 8
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    Dynamic inversion of the 2015 Jujuy earthquake and similarity with other intraslab events (2017)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Astronomical Society.
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  • 9
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    Modelling of dynamical crack propagation using time-domain boundary integral equations (1992)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0165-2125
    Electronic ISSN: 1878-433X
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 10
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    Short-Period Rupture Process of the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule Earthquake in Chile (2012)
    Sage Publications
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-01
    Description: The 2010 Maule earthquake is one of the largest events ever recorded with modern instruments. We used the continuous GPS (cGPS) records to invert for the kinematic rupture process using an elliptical sub-patch approximation. In agreement with previous inversions, the largest slip is found in the northern part of the rupture zone. By cross-correlating signals from cGPS and strong motion records (SM) located in the northern part of the rupture zone, we identified two distinct seismic pulses. Using the arrival time of these pulses, we propose a short-period (
    Print ISSN: 8755-2930
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8201
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Sage Publications on behalf of Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
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