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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 6256-6260 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The frequencies and dampings of the zone-center optical phonons E2 and A1(LO) in wurtzite-type GaN and AlN layers have been measured by Raman spectroscopy in the temperature range from 85 to 760 K. The GaN layer was grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy and the AlN layer by molecular beam epitaxy both on sapphire substrate. The experimentally obtained frequencies and dampings are modeled by a theory taking into account the thermal expansion of the lattice, a symmetric decay of the optical phonons into two and three phonons of lower energy, and the strain in the layers induced by the different thermal expansion coefficients of layer and substrate. The results were used to determine the local temperature of a GaN pn diode in dependence on the applied voltage. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 15 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
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    Ann Arbor, Mich., etc., : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Journal of Asian Studies. 21:1 (1961:Nov.) 119 
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Keywords: Microgravity ; Protein crystallization
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Crystal Growth 122 (1992), S. 330-336 
    ISSN: 0022-0248
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Crystal Growth 135 (1994), S. 513-522 
    ISSN: 0022-0248
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Crystal Growth 122 (1992), S. 330-336 
    ISSN: 0022-0248
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 353-356 (Jan. 2001), p. 787-790 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Glucosepolymere ; intestinaleHydrolyse ; intestinaleResorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The study was designed to compare the intestinal absorption of monosaccharides from carbohydrates of different chain length. Furthermore, a correlation between the efficiency of hydrolysis of the polymers and the efficiency of the intestinal absorption was expected to be established. Glucose, the disaccharides maltose and sucrose and the polysaccharides maltodextrin DE 20, maltodextrin DE 5 and starch were employed as substrates. The whole small intestines of anaesthetized rats were perfused in situ for 60 min with 0.5 % solutions of these substrates in an open perfusion system. Initially 3-minute fractions of the perfusion medium, later 10-minute fractions were collected. The parameters determined were: secretion of pancreatic α-amylase activity, substrate hydrolysis (by α-amylase and by disaccharidases of the brush border membrane), intestinal absorption of the monosaccharides. α-amylase activity was significantly higher when the perfusion was carried out with starch solution. The possibility is discussed that this high-polymer substrate might stimulate the pancreas to an elevated α-amylase secretion. The highest rate of hydrolysis (45 μmol glucose/min) was determined from maltose as a substrate. The cleavage of the high-polymer substrates was less intensive. The hydrolysis of starch was limited by the capacity of the α-amylase, that of the sucrose by low activity of the saccharase. Absorption of glucose was more effective from the maltose solution than from the glucose solution. To understand this phenomenon, an additional “hydrolasesrelated transport system” could be taken into consideration. Glucose absorption from maltodextrin DE 20 was less effective than might have been expected from the rate of hydrolysis. This fact might possibly be explained by an inhibitory effect of oligosaccharides of chain length 4–10, contained in relatively high amounts in maltodextrin DE 20.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, die Monosaccharidresorption aus Kohlenhydraten unterschiedlicher Kettenlänge zu vergleichen. Weiterhin sollte eine Beziehung zwischen der Effektivität der intestinalen Hydrolyse der Polymeren und der Effektivität der Resorption aufgestellt werden. Als Substrate wurden neben der Glucose die Disaccharide Maltose und Saccharose sowie die Polysaccharide Maltodextrin DE 20, Maltodextrin DE 5 und Stärke verwendet. Mit 0,5 %igen Lösungen dieser Substrate wurde der in situ belassene Dünndarm von narkotisierten Ratten nichtrezirkulierend perfundiert. Die Perfusionsdauer betrug 60 Minuten. Das Perfusat wurde initial in 3-, anschließend in 10-Minuten-Fraktionen gesammelt. Es wurden folgende Parameter bestimmt: Sekretion der pankreatischen α-Amylase, Hydrolyse der Substrate (durch α-Amylase und Enzyme der Bürstensaummembran), intestinale Resorption der Monosaccharide. Bei Perfusion mit Stärke war die α-Amylaseaktivität im Perfusat deutlich höher als bei Angebot der anderen Substrate. Es wird die Möglichkeit diskutiert, daß das Pankreas durch das hochpolymere Substrat Stärke zu vermehrter α-Amylasesekretion stimuliert wird. Die höchste Hydrolyserate (45 μmol Glucose/min) wurde bei Perfusion mit Maltose bestimmt. Die Spaltung der hochpolymeren Substrate war wesentlich weniger intensiv, wobei im Falle der Stärke die Kapazität der α-Amylase limitierend war. Die ebenfalls niedrige Hydrolyserate der Saccharose war auf die geringe Aktivität der Saccharase zurückzuführen. Bei Infundieren von Maltose wurde mehr Glucose resorbiert als bei Perfusion mit freier Glucose. Als Ursache könnte ein zusätzlicher Transportmechanismus für Glucose in Betracht gezogen werden, die an die Disaccharidasenaktivität gekoppelt ist. Bei Perfusion mit Maltodextrin DE 20 war die Effektivität der Glucoseresorption geringer, als aufgrund der Hydrolyse hätte erwartet werden können. Dies könnte auf einen den Glucosetransport hemmenden Effekt von Oligosacchariden mit der Kettenlänge 4–10, die in diesem Substrat in relativ großen Mengen vorhanden waren, zurückgeführt werden.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 159 (1986), S. 403-413 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The echolocating ‘long CF/FM-bat’Rhinolophus rouxi and the ‘short CF/FM-bats’Hipposideros bicolor andHipposideros speoris were tested for catching responses to moving and non-moving targets. 2. Under our experimental conditions (freshly caught caged bats in a natural environment)Rhinolophus rouxi andHipposideros speoris only responded to insects of any sort that were beating their wings. The bats showed no reactions whatsoever to nonmoving insects or those walking on the floor or the sides of the cage. 3. Hipposideros bicolor responded in the same way as the above species to wingbeating insects but in addition also attacked walking insects. In 27 presentations 15 walking insects were caught (Fig. 2). 4. Rhinolophus rouxi, Hipposideros speoris andHipposideros bicolor also detected, approached and seized tethered cockroaches hanging from the ceiling when these were vibrating up and down (Fig. 3). This indicates that any oscillating movement and not specific aspects of wing beating were the key releasers for catching behaviour in all three species. However, a wing beating insect is strongly preferred over a vibrating one in all three species (Fig. 4). 5. Rhinolophus rouxi, Hipposideros speoris andHipposideros bicolor attacked and seized a dead bait when it was associated with a wing beating device (Fig. 1). All three species responded effectively to beat frequencies as low as 10 beats/s (peak-to-peak amplitude of the wing excursion 20 mm). For lower frequencies the response rates rapidly deteriorated (Fig. 5). 6. Horseshoe bats no longer responded to wing beats of 5 beats/s when the wing beat amplitude was 2 to 1 mm or to wing beats of 2 to 1 beats/s when the amplitude was 3 mm or lower (Fig. 6). This suggests that the speed of the wing is a critical parameter. From these data we infer that the threshold for the catching responses is at a wing speed of about 2 to 1 cm/s. 7. In horseshoe bats (experimental tests) and the two hipposiderid species (behavioural observations) one single wing beat was enough to elicit a catching response (Fig. 8). 8. It is concluded that ‘long’ and ‘short’ CF/ FM-bats feature a similar responsiveness to fluttering targets. The sensitivity to oscillating movements is considered as an effective detection mechanism for any sort of potential prey.
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