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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decomposition of forest litters (1959)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 11 (1959), S. 237-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies have been made on the production of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen, rate of decomposition along with comparative changes in microbial population during decomposition of deciduous and coniferous litters. At the same time the effect of addition of antibiotics on the microbial population and rate of decomposition of coniferous litter was investigated. Liberation of nitrogen in the form of ammonia occurred somewhat more rapidly in decomposing deciduous litter than in that of the coniferous litter. Towards the end of the experiment the nitrification process commenced in the deciduous litter but was absent in the coniferous litter. The deciduous litter decomposed more rapidly than the coniferous litter. The bacteria and actinomycetes were consistently more numerous in the deciduous litter than in the coniferous litter; in the case of fungi the reverse occured. An antifungal antibiotic (cycloheximide) had little or no effect on numbers of fungi in the decomposing coniferous litter while antibacterial antibiotics (streptomycin and chloramphenicol) reduced slightly the numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes. Numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes were increased greatly in cultures receiving the antifungal antibiotic and fungal growth was apparently stimulated where antibacterial antibiotics were added. In spite of the observed shift in the microbial population brought about by the addition of antibiotics the rate of decomposition of the coniferous litter appeared to be unaffected. This would suggest that the type of microbia l population is not as important as the type of litter or some other factor in regard to decomposition rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01435155
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The biodegradability of nucleic acid bases adsorbed on inorganic and organic soil components (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 343-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Clay minerals ; Decomposition ; Hydrous oxides ; Microorganisms ; Nucleic acid bases ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The biodegradability of nucleic acid bases (guanine, adenine, cytosine, thymine and uracil) adsorbed on montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite, soil, gibbsite, goethite and a fulvic acid (FA)-montmorillonite complex was investigated. Each material was mixed with sand, inoculated with a soil suspension and incubated in a Warburg vessel. Lag periods in O2 uptake were observed at pH 4 and 6 but not at pH 8. Following the lag periods, adsorbed nucleic acid bases were degraded rapidly at linear rates until these levelled off. The cessation of O2-uptake was shown to be due to the formation of excessive amounts of gaseous NH3, which not only inhibited microbial respiration by raising the pH to 8 and higher, but also by killing bacteria and actinomycetes. The rate of biodegradation was found to depend on the type of clay or oxide, the dominant cation and the pH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372517
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decomposition of forest litters (1962)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 16 (1962), S. 389-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Changes in the carbohydrates of decomposing coniferous and deciduous litters have been followed for a period of 1200 days. Sugars and uronic acid were determined after acid hydrolysis by chromatographic and colorimetric techniques. Both litters contained the same sugars; rhamnose, ribose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, glucose, galactose, traces of fucose, and four “highR F” sugars which were not identified. The original coniferous litter differed from the deciduous material, being lower in xylose and higher in arabinose and mannose. For the first six months of decomposition the xylose, arabinose, mannose and glucose content of the coniferous litter remained constant, these fell to about 1/2 at 1200 days. The same was true for the uronic acid, while galactose stayed constant for the entire period of decomposition. In the case of the deciduous litter xylose, glucose and uronic acid decreased over the 1200-day period; there was perhaps a slight decrease in some of the others sugars. There was good agreement between the values for furfural as determined directly and as calculated from the pentose and uronic acid content; this indicated that 80 to 90 per cent of the sugars and 40 to 50 per cent of the uronic acid were recovered by the analytical methods used. In general the coniferous litter showed a greater over-all resistance to decomposition, for the first 165 days, than the deciduous litter. This difference in rate of decomposition may have been caused by the greater resistance of the coniferous cuticle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01381348
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Different forms of nitrogen in particle size fractions separated from two soils (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 383-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amino acid-N ; Amino sugar-N ; Ammonia-N ; ‘Unknow’-N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The possible use of particle size separation of soils in water was tested for preparing fractions rich in ‘unknown’-N, which constitutes between 41 and 46% of the total N. Ten particle size fractions ranging from 〈0.2 to〉1,000.0 μm were separated from the A horizon of the Bainsville soil, an Orthic Humic Gleysol, and from the Bh horizon of the Armadale soil, a poorly drained Podzol. The distribution of N (hydrolyzable-, amino acid-, protein-, amino sugar-, ammonia-, ‘unknown’-and unidentified-N) in the initial soils and in each size fraction was determined. While particle size separation did not yield fractions which contained essentially only ‘unknown’-N and few known N-components, it was possible to isolate fractions which were either rich in amino acid-or protein-N or in NH3-N. In general, the finer size fractions tended to be enriched in amino acid-N while NH3-N was more prominent in the coarser fractions. The amino sugar-N content of all size fractions was low.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372459
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decomposition of forest litters (1959)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 11 (1959), S. 249-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A study was made of the changes in the amino-acid and hexosamine content of coniferous litter-podzol soil and deciduous litter-brown forest soil composts during decomposition for a period of 165 days. There was a gradual increase in the percentage of most of the amino acids (on an oven-dry basis) as carbon was lost from the system. The percentage of total nitrogen represented by the amino-acid nitrogen increased slightly for the first 53 days, then decreased; this decrease was greater with the deciduous litter compost. There were some changes in the ratios of one amino acid to another (on a molar basis) that were greater than the expected error, but these changes formed no definite pattern and were more or less random, hence their significance is uncertain. The hexosamine content also increased with time and this increase was greater than the carbon loss so that there was an increase in hexosamine nitrogen as a percentage of the total nitrogen throughout the duration of the experiment. More galactosamine relative to glucosamine was found in the deciduous litter compost and its total hexosamine content was greater than was that of the coniferous litter compost. There appeared to be no changes in the amino-acid composition of the proteinaceous material in decomposing deciduous or coniferous litters that would help to explain the formation of mull and mor. Differences in the hexosamine content may indicate that bacterial products are of greater relative importance in deciduous litter than in coniferous litter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01435156
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the rhizosphere microflora of yellow birch seedlings (1960)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 12 (1960), S. 30-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The rhizosphere microflora of yellow birch seedlings grown in a forest soil in tanks in the greenhouse has been investigated. In general it was found that the rhizosphere effect of yellow birch roots in the A horizon was lower than that observed with cropped plants; nevertheless a stimulation of microbial development was obtained. Of the micro-organisms studied, bacteria, and ammonifying and methylene-blue-reducing organisms appeared to be predominant types in the root zone. Counts were, on the whole, lowest when plants broke dormancy and began to increase in the later periods of growth. There was no appreciable difference between control and rhizosphere soils in regard to incidence of specific nutritional types of bacteria. Analysis of the rhizosphere population of roots growing in the B horizon showed a distinctly greater rhizosphere effect than that obtained in the A horizon. The data suggest that the rhizosphere effect in the latter was obscured because of its high organic-matter content and its abundant and active microflora.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01377758
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  • 7
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    THE PYRITIZATION OF BASIC FERRIC SULFATES IN ACID SULFATE SOILS: A MICROBIOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION (1976)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976-11-01
    Description: The aim of this investigation was to suggest a mechanism whereby the basic ferric sulfates, which occur in acid sulfate soils as a result of the microbial oxidation of pyrite in the original sedimentary parent material, can be microbiologically transformed back to pyrite when the soils are flooded. Three basic ferric sulfates were tested and it was found that in the presence of lactate and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, 10 g of each mineral were reduced within 12 wk to mackinawite (FeS). Additional incubation, to a total of 33 wk, resulted in no further sulfidation. However, in the presence of elemental sulfur, the sulfidation process resumed and mackinawite was soon transformed into greigite (Fe3S4) and then, following an aging process of increased temperature and pressure, pyrite (FeS2) was produced. Under simulated flooding conditions of sea water and decomposing seaweed, the sulfates were converted to a black X-ray amorphous sulfide which is known to change to mackinawite and/or greigite. The ability of H2S-oxidizing bacteria to form elemental sulfur in sedimentary pyrite-forming systems is reviewed and interpreted as a factor in producing the necessary sulfur. Basic aluminum sulfates were stable to microbial reduction. The X-ray pattern for ammoniojarosite was refined.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 8
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    MICROORGANISMS AND OCHRE DEPOSITS IN FIELD DRAINS OF ONTARIO (1978)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-02-01
    Description: The effluents and ochreous deposits in several partly blocked field drains in Ontario were microbiologically and chemically assayed. The effluents contained several million per milliliter of the iron-oxidizing bacterium Gallionella. Sphaerotilus, a sheath-forming bacterium, was also numerous. Both microorganisms were generally encrusted with amorphous ferric iron oxides. They were also found in the ochreous deposits inside the tiles and also in the deposits adjacent to plugged filters surrounding the tiles. The iron-oxidizing bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was not found. Filamentous structures resembling the iron-oxidizing bacterium Metallogenium were frequently observed but the experimental evidence indicated them to be aggregates of colloidal Fe(OH)3. Calcite, dolomite, quartz and feldspar were common constituents of the effluents and the ochreous deposits. In some cases, one or more of gypsum, plagioclase, chlorite and illite were present. The ochreous deposits were generally high in iron and contained elements normally found in soil. Occasionally the materials were found to contain traces of magnetite. Except for the iron in the silicates the remaining iron was non-crystalline, present as amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide. Amorphous manganese oxide was also found. It was recognized that chemical oxidation might be an important agent in oxidizing the FE+2; however, the results and a literature survey indicated that Gallionella plays a major role. It is theorized that following oxidation, a ferric hydroxide sol is produced, which in the presence of electrolytes forms aggregates of colloidal Fe(OH)3 that combine with microbes and ions in the tile water to produce an amorphous precipitate. In association with carbonates, quartz and clay minerals, the precipitate forms ochreous substances. The paucity of dissolved ferrous and ferric iron, the presence of organic matter and adsorbed anions inhibits crystallization of the amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide. Roots in conjunction with large numbers of Sphaerotilus formed effective plugs.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 9
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    NITROGEN AND CHLORIDE DISTRIBUTION AND BALANCE IN A CLAY LOAM SOIL (1978)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-02-01
    Description: In field experiments conducted on a poorly drained clay loam soil from 1974 to 1976, inclusive, 21–44% of added chloride was lost from the 0- to 75-cm layer by the end of September, whereas NO3−-N increased in this layer in both the control and fertilized plots. Mineralization during the summer masked any N losses by leaching or denitrification. N losses were highest between late fall and early spring. NO3−-N and chloride tended to show similar distribution patterns in the profile but not necessarily similar leaching losses, since simultaneous denitrification occurred in an adjacent experimental site. Chloride distribution in the profile and leaching losses did not appear to coincide with expectations of typical transport theory, since losses were associated with diffuse bulges near the surface instead of distinct peaks or slugs of chloride moving steadily downward.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 10
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    MINERALIZATION OF SOIL ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE EFFECT OF LIME (1963)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1963-01-01
    Description: In a laboratory experiment, liming resulted in an average decline of 3.6 per cent in the total organic phosphorus content of incubated surface samples of seven acid soils from eastern Canada. Increases of 2.6 and 5.1 per cent in 1N H2SO4- and 4N HCl-soluble inorganic phosphorus, respectively, and a decrease of 46.4 per cent in NaHCO3-soluble organic phosphorus (pH 8.5) provided further evidence of mineralization of organic phosphorus following liming. There was some evidence, however, that the differences in NaHCO3-soluble organic phosphorus following liming were due only in part to mineralization, since Ca(OH)2 added to a soil just prior to extraction with NaHCO3 had a repressive effect on the solubility of the organic phosphorus compounds.Some mineralization of organic phosphorus occurred when unlimed samples were incubated in the laboratory for 9 months.Marked increases in microbiological activity, as indicated by increased numbers of microorganisms, and increased CO2 and NO3-nitrogen production, were associated with lower values for extractable organic phosphorus following liming. Partial sterilization of samples with toluene lowered biological activity in the unlimed and limed samples. Toluene was found, however, to have a positive effect on release of phosphorus from organic form.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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