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The influence of elevated CO2 and O3 on fine roots and mycorrhizas of naturally growing young Scots pine trees during three exposure years (1999)

Kasurinen, AnnE. ; Helmisaari, Heljä-Sisko ; Holopainen, Toini

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Global change biology 5 (1999), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2486

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography

Notes: Young Scots pine trees naturally established at a pine heath were exposed to two concentrations of CO2 (ambient and doubled ambient) and two O3 regimes (ambient and doubled ambient) and their combination in open-top field chambers during growing seasons 1994, 1995 and 1996 (late May to 15 September). Filtered ozone treatment and chamberless control trees were also included in the treatment comparisons. Root ingrowth cores were inserted to the undisturbed soil below the branch projection of each tree at the beginning of the fumigation period in 1994 and were harvested at the end of the fumigation periods in 1995 and 1996. Root biomasses were determined from different soil layers in the ingrowth cores, and the infection levels of different mycorrhizal types were calculated. Elevated O3 and CO2 did not have significant effects on the biomass production of Scots pine coarse (Ø 〉 2 mm) or fine roots (Ø 〈 2 mm) and roots of grasses and dwarf shrubs. Elevated O3 caused a transient stimulation, observable in 1995, in the proportion of tuber-like mycorrhizas, total mycorrhizas and total short roots but this stimulation disappeared during the last study year. Elevated CO2 did not enhance carbon allocation to root growth or mycorrhiza formation, although a diminishing trend in the mycorrhiza formation was observed. In the combination treatment increased CO2 inhibited the transient stimulating effect of ozone, and a significant increase of old mycorrhizas was observed. Our conclusion is that doubled CO2 is not able to increase carbon allocation to growth of fine roots or mycorrhizas in nutrient poor forest sites and realistically elevated ozone does not cause a measurable limitation to roots within a period of three exposure years.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00274.x

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Compensatory fertilization of Scots pine stands polluted by heavy metals (1999)

Mälkönen, Eino ; Derome, John ; Fritze, Hannu ; [et al.]

Springer

Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 239-268

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ISSN: 1573-0867

Keywords: compensatory fertilization ; deposition ; heavy metals ; liming ; Pinus sylvestris ; soil pollution

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract The results from four compensatory fertilization experiments located at different distances (0.5, 2, 4 and 8 km) along a heavy metal deposition gradient extending from the Harjavalta Cu-Ni smelter in SW Finland are presented. The experiments were established in middle-age Scots pine stands growing on dryish sites of sorted glaciofluvial sediments. The soil type in all the experiments is ferric podsol. The treatments in the experiments consisted of liming, a powdered slow-release mineral mixture and stand-specific fertilization which comprised at least methylene urea and ammonium nitrate. Monitoring of deposition and soil solution and studies on soil chemical and microbiological properties, on the nutrient status of trees and needle litterfall, on fine root dynamics and on the growth of the tree stands were carried out during a 5-year period. There was a severe shortage of exchangeable Ca and Mg in the organic layer of the most polluted stands. Although the uppermost mineral soil layer had relatively high exchangeable Ca and Mg concentrations, the trees were not able to utilize these nutrient reserves presumably due to the toxic effects of Cu and Ni on the plant roots and mycorrhizas. The treatments that included limestone markedly decreased the Cu and Ni concentrations in the soil solution and soil organic layer, presumably due to immobilisation through precipitation or absorption. The Ca and Mg concentrations correspondingly increased, which certainly contributed to the partial recovery of fine root and stand growth. The powdered mineral mixture and the combination of methylene urea and ammonium nitrate had no short-term effect on the microbial biomass and activity. All the fertilizer treatments increased volume growth in the most polluted stand. The stand-specific fertilization increased needle mass in heavily polluted stands, but the response of the needle mass to fertilizer treatments was low in the less polluted stands. No clear evidence was found to support the role of nutrient status in tree resistance.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009851326584

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Biomass allocation, needle structural characteristics and nutrient composition in Scots pine seedlings exposed to elevated CO2 and O3 concentrations (2000)

Utriainen, Jarkko ; Janhunen, Sari ; Helmisaari, Heljä-Sisko ; [et al.]

Springer

Trees 14 (2000), S. 475-484

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ISSN: 0931-1890

Keywords: Scots pine Carbon dioxide Ozone Growth Needle structure

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract. Three-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were exposed to ambient or elevated ozone (O3) (1.5×ambient) and carbon dioxide (CO2) (590 µmol mol–1) concentrations during two growing seasons in open-top field chambers (OTCs). Five different treatments were applied in the chambers: filtered air, ambient air, elevated O3, elevated CO2, and elevated O3 and CO2 combined. Ambient plots outside the OTCs were also included, but the chamber ambient was used as a control in O3 and CO2 treatments due to a significant chamber effect. Increases in yellowing and chlorotic mottling of previous-year (C+1) needles and in the amount of cytoplasmic ribosomes and electron density of the chloroplast stroma in current-year (C) and C+1 needle mesophyll cells were observed in elevated O3 at both CO2 concentrations. Elevated O3 alone caused a non-significant 10.9% decrease in plant total dry mass and a significant decrease in manganese (Mn) content of C needles. CO2 enrichment caused a significant increase in needle cross-sectional width after the first year of exposure, and an accumulation of starch and slight curling and swelling of the chloroplast thylakoids in the mesophyll tissue of C needles after the second year of exposure. Calcium and Mn contents were increased and copper and nitrogen contents were decreased, significantly, in CO2-exposed needles. A non-significant 19.1% increase in plant total dry mass was measured in elevated CO2 alone, whereas a 14.8% reduction in total dry mass, together with a significant reduction in current-year main shoot length, was found in the combined treatment. Overall, in spite of decreases in O3-induced visible injuries by CO2, elevated CO2 levels were not able to counteract the impact of O3 in this experiment.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680000062

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4

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Nutrient cycling in Pinus sylvestris stands in eastern Finland (1995)

Helmisaari, Heljä-Sisko

Springer

Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 327-336

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: nutrient budget ; nutrient cycling ; nutrient flux ; pine ; Pinus ; retranslocation

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Nutrient cycling within three Pinus sylvestris stands was studied in eastern Finland. The aim of the study was to determine annual fluxes and distribution of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, B, and Al in the research stands. Special emphasis was put on determining the importance of different fluxes, especially the internal cycle within the trees in satisfying the tree nutrient requirements for biomass production. The following nutrient fluxes were included, input; free precipitation and throughfall, output; percolation through soil profile, biological cycle; nutrient uptake from soil, retranslocation within trees, return to soil in litterfall, release by litter decomposition. The distribution of nutrients was determined in above- and belowground tree compartments, in ground and field vegetation, and in soil. The nitrogen use efficiencies were 181, 211 and 191 g of tree aboveground dry matter produced per g of N supplied by uptake and retranslocation in the sapling, pole stage and mature stands, respectively. Field vegetation was more efficient in nitrogen use than trees. Stand belowground/aboveground and fine root/coarse root biomass ratios decreased with tree age. With only slightly higher fine root biomass, almost three times more nitrogen had to be taken-up from soil for biomass production in the mature stand than in the sapling stand. The annual input-output balances of most nutrients were positive; throughfall contained more nutrients than was lost in mineral soil leachate. The sulphate flux contributed to the leaching of cations, especially magnesium, from soil in the mature stand. Retranslocation supplied 17–42% of the annual N, P and K requirements for tree aboveground biomass production. Precipitation and throughfall were important in transferring K and Mg, and also N in the sapling stand. Litterfall was an important pathway for N, Ca, Mg and micro nutrients, especially in the oldest stands.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029345

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Fine-root growth, mortality and heavy metal concentrations in limed and fertilized Pinus silvestris (L.) stands in the vicinity of a Cu-Ni smelter in SW Finland (1999)

Helmisaari, Heljä-Sisko ; Makkonen, Kirsi ; Olsson, Marie ; [et al.]

Springer

Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 193-200

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: fertilization ; fine roots ; heavy metals ; liming ; nutrients

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to assess 1) the growth of fine roots into ingrowth cores and fine root mortality, 2) the effects of liming and correction fertilization on fine-root growth and mortality, and 3) the concentrations of heavy metals in fine roots in control, limed or fertilized Scots pine stands at different distances from a copper-nickel smelter. Fine-root biomass in the ingrowth cores in the control plots varied between 1 (at 0.5 km from the smelter) and 252 and 271 g/m2 (at 4 and 8 km, respectively). In the most polluted stand at 0.5 km, 98% of the fine roots that had grown into the ingrowth cores had died before sampling. Corresponding values for the other stands (4 and 8 km) were only 13-18%. At 0.5 km, liming increased the growth and survival of fine roots. The concentrations of Cu and Ni were also smaller in fine roots from the limed plot than those from the control plot. In the correction fertilization treatment at 0.5 km the total ingrowth of fine roots was at the same level as in the control, but less fine roots had died. Thus, the correction fertilizer treatment increased the survival but not the growth of fine roots. At 4 or 8 km, there were no significant differences in the fine-root biomass or necromass or element concentrations between the treatments.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004595531203

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Assessing fine-root biomass and production in a Scots pine stand – comparison of soil core and root ingrowth core methods (1999)

Makkonen, Kirsi ; Helmisaari, Heljä-Sisko

Springer

Plant and soil 210 (1999), S. 43-50

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: biomass ; fine-root ; ingrowth core method ; production ; Scots pine ; soil core method

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Soil core and root ingrowth core methods for assessing fine-root (〈 2 mm) biomass and production were compared in a 38-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L) stand in eastern Finland. 140 soil cores and 114 ingrowth cores were taken from two mineral soil layers (0–10 cm and 10–30 cm) during 1985–1988. Seasonal changes in root biomass (including both Scots pine and understorey roots) and necromass were used for calculating fine-root production. The Scots pine fine-root biomass averaged annually 143 g/m2 and 217 g/m2 in the upper mineral soil layer, and 118 g/m2 and 66 g/m2 in the lower layer of soil cores and ingrowth cores, respectively. The fine-root necromass averaged annually 601 g/m2 and 311 g/m2 in the upper mineral soil layer, and 196 g/m2 and 159 g/m2 in the lower layer of soil cores and ingrowth cores, respectively. The annual fine-root production in a Scots pine stand in the 30 cm thick mineral soil layer, varied between 370–1630 g/m2 in soil cores and between 210 – 490 g/m2 in ingrowth cores during three years. The annual production calculated for Scots pine fine roots, varied between 330–950 g/m2 in soil cores and between 110 – 610 g/m2 in ingrowth cores. The horizontal and vertical variation in fine-root biomass was smaller in soil cores than in ingrowth cores. Roots in soil cores were in the natural dynamic state, while the roots in the ingrowth cores were still expanding both horizontally and vertically. The annual production of fine-root biomass in the Scots pine stand was less in root ingrowth cores than in soil cores. During the third year, the fine-root biomass production of Scots pine, when calculated by the ingrowth core method, was similar to that calculated by the soil core method. Both techniques have sources of error. In this research the sampling interval in the soil core method was 6–8 weeks, and thus root growth and death between sampling dates could not be accurately estimated. In the ingrowth core method, fine roots were still growing into the mesh bags. In Finnish conditions, after more than three growing seasons, roots in the ingrowth cores can be compared with those in the surrounding soil. The soil core method can be used for studying both the annual and seasonal biomass variations. For estimation of production, sampling should be done at short intervals. The ingrowth core method is more suitable for estimating the potential of annual fine-root production between different site types.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004629212604

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