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Sunflower Response to Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilization under Intensive Cropping in a Wheat Rotation (1999)

Halvorson, Ardell D. ; Black, Alfred L. ; Krupinsky, Joseph M. ; [et al.]

Springer

Semigroup forum 91 (1999), S. 637-642

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ISSN: 1432-2137

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Mathematics

Notes: Helianthus annuus L.) is a warm-season, intermediate water-use crop that can add diversity to dryland crop rotations. Reduced tillage systems may enhance sunflower yield in intensive cropping systems. A 12-yr study was conducted to determine how sunflower cultivars of early and medium maturity respond to tillage system (conventional-till, CT; minimum-till, MT; no-till, NT) and N fertilization (34, 67, and 101 kg N ha-1) within a dryland spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-winter wheat-sunflower rotation. Averaged across N rates, cultivars, and years, sunflower seed yield were greater with MT (1550 kg ha-1) than with NT (1460 kg N ha-1) and CT (1450 kg ha-1). Increasing N rate above 34 kg N ha-1 generally increased grain yield, but varied from year to year. The tillage × N interaction showed that the highest seed yields were obtained with NT (1638 kg ha-1) and MT (1614 kg ha-1) at 101 kg N ha-1. Total plant-available water (TPAW) of 〈350 mm greatly reduced sunflower yield potential, due to water stress, compared with yields for 350 to 500 mm of TPAW. TPAW 〉 500 mm did not result in increased sunflower yields over those with 350 to 500 TPAW. Yield differences between cultivar maturity classes varied from year to year and with tillage and N level. At the lowest N rate, weeds were more problematic in NT than in CT and MT plots. More N fertilizer may be needed with NT to optimize sunflower yields than with CT and MT, because of less residual soil NO3-N with NT. Results indicate that producers in the northern Great Plains can use sunflower successfully in annual cropping systems, particularly in MT and NT are used with adequate N fertilization.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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Spring Wheat Response to Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilization in Rotation with Sunflower and Winter Wheat (2000)

Halvorson, Ardell D. ; Black, Alfred L. ; Krupinsky, Joseph M. ; [et al.]

Springer

Semigroup forum 92 (2000), S. 136-152

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ISSN: 1432-2137

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Mathematics

Notes: Triticum aestivum L.) is a major crop in the northern Great Plains that is generally grown following a 21-mo fallow period. A 12-yr study was conducted to determine the effects of tillage system [conventional-till (CT), minimum-till (MT), and no-till (NT)], N fertilizer rate (34, 67, and 101 kg N ha−1), and cultivar (Butte86 and Stoa) on spring wheat yields within a dryland spring wheat (SW)–winter wheat (WW)–sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (SF) rotation. Grain yield responses varied with tillage system, N fertilizer rate, cultivar, and year as indicated by significant tillage × N rate × year and N rate × cultivar × year interactions. In years with 〉260 mm total plant available water (TPAW) but 〈400 mm TPAW, NT grain yields were greater than those with CT at the highest N rate, with similar trends at the medium and low N rates. When TPAW exceeded 400 mm, grain yields for CT were generally greater than for NT at the medium N rates. The greatest 12-yr average grain yield (1727 kg ha−1) was obtained with NT and application of 101 kg N ha−1. Grain yields were lowest during years when TPAW was 〈300 mm, with only small responses to tillage and N treatments. Cultivars responded similarly to N fertilization in years with 〉300 mm TPAW, with Butte86 yielding more than Stoa in 6 out of the 12 yr. Soil NO3–N levels increased in the root zone following three consecutive drought years, but had declined to initial year levels by the end of the study. These results indicate that farmers in the northern Great Plains can produce SW following SF in annual cropping systems that do not include a fallow period, particularly if NT or MT systems are used with adequate N fertilization.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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Spring Wheat Response to Tillage System and Nitrogen Fertilization within a Crop–Fallow System (2000)

Halvorson, Ardell D. ; Black, Alfred L. ; Krupinsky, Joseph M. ; [et al.]

Springer

Semigroup forum 92 (2000), S. 288-294

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ISSN: 1432-2137

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Mathematics

Notes: Triticum aestivum L.) production in the northern Great Plains generally utilizes conventional tillage systems. A 12-yr study evaluated the effects of tillage system [conventional-till (CT), minimum-till (MT), and no-till (NT)], N fertilizer rate (0, 22, and 45 kg N ha−1), and cultivar (Butte86 and Stoa) on spring wheat grain yields in a dryland spring wheat–fallow rotation (SW–F). Butte86 yields with CT exceeded NT yields in five out of 12 years with 0 and 22 kg N ha−1 applied, and four years with 45 kg N ha−1 applied. Stoa yields with CT exceeded NT yields in three out of 12 years with no N applied, four years with 22 kg N ha−1 applied, and only one year with 45 kg N ha−1 applied. Yields with NT exceeded those with CT in one year. Most years, yields with MT equaled those with CT. Responses to N tended to be greatest in years when spring soil NO3–N was lowest. Positive yield responses to N fertilization with CT occurred in three years with Butte86 and two years with Stoa; with MT, four years with Butte86 and two years with Stoa; and with NT, five years with Butte86 and three years with Stoa. Cultivars were not consistent in their response to tillage and N fertilization. These results indicate that farmers in the northern Great Plains can successfully produce spring wheat in a SW–F system using MT and NT systems, but yields may be slightly reduced when compared with CT systems some years.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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Dryland Winter Wheat Response to Tillage and Nitrogen within an Annual Cropping System (1999)

Halvorson, Ardell D. ; Black, Alfred L. ; Krupinsky, Joseph M. ; [et al.]

Springer

Semigroup forum 91 (1999), S. 702-707

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ISSN: 1432-2137

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Mathematics

Notes: Triticum aestivum L.) can add diversity to dryland crop rotations in the northern Great Plains, but it is susceptible to winterkill in low surface residue environments. A 12-year study was conducted to determine the response of two winter wheat cultivars, Roughrider and Norstar, to tillage system (conventional-till CT; minimum-till MT: and no-till, NT) and N fertilizer rate (34, 67, and 101 kg N ha-1) and NT (2022 kg ha-1) than with CT (1801 kg ha-1), but tillage system effects on grain yield varied among years. Increasing N rate from 34 kg N ha-1 to 67 kg N ha-1 increased grain production from 1844 to 1953 kg ha-1, but yield response to N rate varied among years. The greatest overall grain yield (2111 kg ha-1) was obtained with NT and application of 101 kg N ha-1. Grain yields were lowest during years when plant-available water (PAW) was 〈300 mm. In years with 〉400 mm PAW, leaf spot disease incidence was greatest, particularly at the lowest N rate with NT. Application of adequate N reduced the disease incidence in all tillage treatments. Cultivar differences were significant 3 out of 12 years, but not consistent. Winterkill was a factor for both cultivars in only 1 year in the CT and MT plots. Winter wheat performed well as a rotational crop in this cropping system when using MT and NT systems and adequate N fertility. Our long-term results indicate that producers in the northern Great Plains can use winter wheat successfully in annual cropping systems that do not include a fallow period, particularly if NT is used with adequate N fertilization.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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5

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Nitrogen Mineralization Responses to Cropping, Tillage, and Nitrogen Rate in the Northern Great Plains (1999)

Wienhold, Brian J. ; Halvorson, Ardell D.

Springer

Soil Science Society of America journal 63 (1999), S. 192-196

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ISSN: 1435-0661

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow (SW-F) system was compared with a spring wheat-winter wheat-sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (SW-WW-SF) system on a Temvik-Wilton silt loam (fine-silty, mixed Typic and Pachic Haploborolls) at three N rates (0, 22, and 45 kg ha-1 for SW-F and 34, 67, and 101 kg ha-1 for SW-WW-SF) under conventional, minimum, and no-tillage. After 10 yr, soil samples were incubated to determine N-mineralization rates. Cropping intensity, N rate, and tillage intensity interacted to affect N-mineralization rates. Within the SW-F system N-mineralization rates in 0- to 0.05-m depth were 8.2 ± 0.8 kg ha-1 wk-1 in the fallow phase vs. 5.0 ± 0.7 kg ha-1 wk-1 in the crop phase under conventional tillage and were 6.2 ± 0.3 kg ha-1 wk-1 under minimum and no-tillage in both phases. The N-mineralization rates were 2.3 ± 0.4 kg ha-1 wk-1 in 0.05- to 0.15-m depth soils of the SW-F system. In spring wheat, N-mineralization rates in 0- to 0.05-m depth soil were 9.9 ± 0.8 kg ha-1 wk-1 in the SW-WW-SF system vs. 5.6 ± 0.4 kg ha-1 wk-1 in the SW-F system and in the 3.6 ± 0.1 kg ha-1 wk-1 in the SW-WW-SF system vs. 2.4 ± 0.2 kg ha-1 wk-1 in the SW-F system. Within the SW-WW-SF system, N-mineralization rates in the 0- to 0.05-m soil layer were 6.8 ± 0.5 kg ha-1 wk-1 under winter wheat vs. 9.9 ± 0.8 kg ha-1 wk-1 under spring wheat and 9.2 ± 0.6 kg ha-1 wk-1 under sunflower. In the 0.05- to 0.15-m soil layer, N-mineralization rates were 3.3 ± 1.0 kg ha-1 wk-1 . More intensive cropping and conservation tillage increased N-mineralization rates in this soil and may ameliorate the decline in N fertility associated with crop-fallow systems.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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Nitrogen Fertilizer Effects on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen in a Dryland Cropping System (1999)

Halvorson, Ardell D. ; Reule, Curtis A. ; Follett, Ronald F.

Springer

Soil Science Society of America journal 63 (1999), S. 912-917

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ISSN: 1435-0661

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: -1 ) were applied to the same plots from 1984 through 1994, except 1988 when rates were reduced 50%, on a Weld silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Aridic Argiustoll). Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), corn (Zea mays L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and oat (Avena sativa L.)-pea (Lathyrus tingtianus L.) hay were grown in rotation. Crop residue production varied with crop and year. Estimated average annual aboveground residue returned to the soil (excluding hay years) was 2925, 3845, 4354, 4365, 4371, and 4615 kg ha-1, while estimated annual contributions to belowground (root) residue C were 1060, 1397, 1729, 1992, 1952, and 2031 kg C ha-1 for the above N rates, respectively. The increased amount of crop residue returned to the soil with increasing N rate resulted in increased SOC and TSN levels in the 0- to 7.5-cm soil depth after 11 crops. The fraction of applied N fertilizer in the crop residue decreased with increasing N rate. Soil bulk density (Db) in the 0- to 7.5-cm soil depth decreased as SOC increased. The increase in SOC with N fertilization contributes to improved soil quality and productivity, and increased efficiency of C sequestration into the soil. Carbon sequestration can be enhanced by increasing crop residue production through adequate N fertility.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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