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  • 1
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    A shared role for sonic hedgehog signalling in patterning chondrichthyan gill arch appendages and tetrapod limbs (2016)
    Company of Biologists
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Company of Biologists, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of Company of Biologists for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Development 143 (2016): 1313-1317, doi:10.1242/dev.133884.
    Description: Chondrichthyans (sharks, skates, rays and holocephalans) possess paired appendages that project laterally from their gill arches, known as branchial rays. This led Carl Gegenbaur to propose that paired fins (and hence tetrapod limbs) originally evolved via transformation of gill arches. Tetrapod limbs are patterned by a sonic hedgehog (Shh)-expressing signalling centre known as the zone of polarising activity, which establishes the anteroposterior axis of the limb bud and maintains proliferative expansion of limb endoskeletal progenitors. Here, we use loss-of-function, label-retention and fate-mapping approaches in the little skate to demonstrate that Shh secretion from a signalling centre in the developing gill arches establishes gill arch anteroposterior polarity and maintains the proliferative expansion of branchial ray endoskeletal progenitor cells. These findings highlight striking parallels in the axial patterning mechanisms employed by chondrichthyan branchial rays and paired fins/limbs, and provide mechanistic insight into the anatomical foundation of Gegenbaur's gill arch hypothesis.
    Description: This research was supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship [UF130182 to J.A.G.]; by Plum Foundation John E. Dowling and Laura and Arthur Colwin Endowed Summer Research Fellowships at the Marine Biological Laboratory to J.A.G.; by a grant from the University of Cambridge Isaac Newton Trust [14.23z to J.A.G.]; and by a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada [A5056 to B.K.H.].
    Description: 2017-04-19
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Extraocular, rod-like photoreceptors in a flatworm express xenopsin photopigment (2020)
    eLife Sciences Publications
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Rawlinson, K. A., Lapraz, F., Ballister, E. R., Terasaki, M., Rodgers, J., McDowell, R. J., Girstmair, J., Criswell, K. E., Boldogkoi, M., Simpson, F., Goulding, D., Cormie, C., Hall, B., Lucas, R. J., & Telford, M. J. Extraocular, rod-like photoreceptors in a flatworm express xenopsin photopigment. Elife, 8, (2019): e45465, doi: 10.7554/eLife.45465.
    Description: Animals detect light using opsin photopigments. Xenopsin, a recently classified subtype of opsin, challenges our views on opsin and photoreceptor evolution. Originally thought to belong to the Gαi-coupled ciliary opsins, xenopsins are now understood to have diverged from ciliary opsins in pre-bilaterian times, but little is known about the cells that deploy these proteins, or if they form a photopigment and drive phototransduction. We characterized xenopsin in a flatworm, Maritigrella crozieri, and found it expressed in ciliary cells of eyes in the larva, and in extraocular cells around the brain in the adult. These extraocular cells house hundreds of cilia in an intra-cellular vacuole (phaosome). Functional assays in human cells show Maritigrella xenopsin drives phototransduction primarily by coupling to Gαi. These findings highlight similarities between xenopsin and c-opsin and reveal a novel type of opsin-expressing cell that, like jawed vertebrate rods, encloses the ciliary membrane within their own plasma membrane.
    Description: We thank Andrew Gillis and Ariane Dimitris for help in the field, Kasia Hammar, Paul Linser, Anne Zakrzewski and Sidney Tamm for support in electron microscopy fixation, analysis and interpretation, Elaine Seaver and Danielle de Jong for helping to establish an in situ hybridization protocol for the Maritigrella crozieri larval stage, and Matthew Berriman and Michael Akam (Isaac Newton Trust grant (15.4(n)) for support in securing funding to complete this work. We thank the two reviewers whose comments and suggestions helped improve and clarify this manuscript. The research was supported by a a Wellcome Trust Janet Thornton Fellowship (WT206194) to KR, a research exchange award to KR through the EDEN NSF Network (National Foundation Grant Number IOS-0955517 to Cassandra G Extavour), a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research grant (A5056) to BKH and by a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council grant (BB/H006966/1) (FL) and a Leverhulme Trust grant (F/07 134/DA) to MT. MT is supported by European Research Council (ERC-2012-AdG 322790).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atavisms and atavistic mutations (1995)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 10 (1995), S. 126-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Atavisms — the reappearance of ancestral characteristics in individual members of a species — serve to remind us that the genetic and developmental information originally used in the production of such characteristics has not been lost during evolution but lies quiescent within the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0695-126
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of host embryonic chicks to grafts of additional adrenal glands (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal ; Avian ; Ultrastructure ; Graft ; Compensatory hypertrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the developing adrenal gland of the chick has been studied over the embryonic period 10 to 18 days. Cortical cells occur in double-rowed strands, are loosely attached in early development but more firmly attached later in development. Hypertrophy of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, lipid and vacuoles increases with increasing age. Two cell types (designated “Dark” and “Light”) were present at 17 days of incubation. Their significance is discussed. Medullary cells occur as single cells at 10 days but more usually in groups by 18 days. Catecholamine-containing granules are a prominent feature of the medullary cells, at all ages. Two cell types could be distinguished in the medulla at 17 days of incubation. These may represent adrenalin and noradrenalin-containing cells. Changes in the ultrastructure of host adrenal glands after exposure to an 18 day adrenal gland, grafted onto the host chorio-allantoic membrane at 8 days, were studied. The chief response within the cortex of the host involved retardation of organelle hypertrophy, so that 17 day hosts resembled 14 day controls. More light cells were seen in the host than in the control cells. The medullary tissue of the host was also retarded in development and the release of catecholamine-containing granules inhibited. The significance of these observations in relation to compensatory hypertrophy within the host is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335939
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grafting of organs and tissues to the chorioallantoic membrane of the embryonic chick (1978)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 4 (1978), S. 881-884 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: chorioallantoic membrane ; grafting ; organs ; differentiation ; morphogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00918539
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paralysis and growth of the musculoskeletal system in the embryonic chick (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 206 (1990), S. 45-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Avian embryos can be completely paralyzed by injection of neuromuscular-blocking agents. We used a single injection of decamethonium iodide to paralyze embryos at 7, 8, or 10 days of incubation and analyzed the growth of individual bones (clavicle, mandible, ulna, femur, tibia, humerus) and of individual muscles that act upon some of those bones (clavicular and sternal heads of m. pectoralis, and mm. biceps brachii, depressor mandibulae, pseudotemporalis, and adductor externus). Growth of the bones is not equally affected by paralysis. Only 27% of clavicular growth (by mass) but 77% of mandibular growth occurred in paralyzed embryos, whereas the four long bones exhibited 52-63% of their normal growth. Analysis of muscle weight, fiber length and physiological cross-sectional area (weight/fiber length) indicate that there was greater reduction of the muscles acting on the limbs than of those acting on the mandible, i.e., diminished growth of the skeleton is correlated with reduced muscular activity. Specific retardation of clavicular growth is due to fusion of sternal rudiments and collapse of the thorax, as well as virtual absence of the musculature that normally attaches to the clavicle. We discuss these results in the light of intrinsic and extrinsic factors governing growth of tne embryonic skeleton. Paralysis reduces skeletal growth by reducing both the movements taking place in ovo, and the loads imposed on the bones by muscle contraction, changes that represent alterations in the mechanical environment of the skeleton.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052060105
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation and timing of the cranial ossification sequence of the oriental fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis (Amphibia, Discoglossidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 245-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sequence of appearance of the 17 different skull bones in the oriental fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis, is described. Data are based primarily on samples of ten or 11 laboratory-reared specimens of each of 11 Gosner developmental stages (36-46) representing middle through late metamorphosis. Ossification commences as early as stage 37 (hind limb with all five toes distinct), but the full complement of adult bones is not attained until stage 46 (metamorphosis complete). Number of bones present at intermediate stages is poorly correlated with external morphology. As many as four Gosner developmental stages elapse before a given bone is present in all specimens following the stage at which it may first appear. The modal ossification sequence is frontoparietal, exoccipital, parasphenoid, septomaxilla, premaxilla, vomer, nasal, maxilla, angulosplenial, dentary, squamosal, quadratojugal, pterygoid, prootic, interfrontal, sphenethmoid, and mentomeckelian. Most specimens are consistent with this sequence, despite the poor correlation between cranial ossification and external development as assayed by Gosner stage.The timing of cranial ossification in Bombina orientalis differs in many respects from that described for two other, distantly related anurans, the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and the western toad (Bufo boreas). These include the total number and sequence of appearance of bones, and the timing of ossification relative to the development of external morphology. Interspecific variation may reflect differences in the timing of the tissue interactions known to underlie skeletal differentiation and evolution.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820302
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of the head skeleton of the Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes (Teleostei) (1987)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 193 (1987), S. 135-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The identification, spatial relationships, and sequences of development of the cartilaginous and bony elements of the chondrocranium, osteocranium, and splanchnocranium in the medaka, Oryzias latipes, are described here for the first time. The development of the cartilaginous head skeleton commences at stage 29 and is essentially complete by stage 35 (hatching). The parasphenoid bone and two pairs of branchiostegals are present at this stage and several other replacement and dermal bones begin to appear shortly thereafter. Development of the osteocranium and ossification of the splanchnocranium continue throughout the larval and juvenile phases and are essentially complete at sexual maturity at approximately 3 months (at 25°C), at which time the fish range in length between 25 and 30 mm.The description of the adult head skeleton of O. latipes is compared to those of O. melastigma, O. luzonesis, and other Oryzias spp. previously described and a redesignation of the relationships between certain elements in the adult head skeleton is proposed, based on the developmental data presented. Furthermore, the value of the medaka as a model teleost to study the embryological origins of, and in particular, the neural crest contributions to, the cranial and visceral skeleton is outlined based on certain characteristics of the medaka's life history traits. These include the ease of obtaining embryos for which the exact time of fertilization is known (without sacrificing any brood stock) and the relatively rapid development of the chondrocranium, which is nearly complete at hatching, a process which can occur in as short a time as 6 days (at 34°C). The usefulness of the ontogenetic data obtainable from further studies into the embryonic origins of head and visceral skeletal elements revealed in the present study, is briefly discussed.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051930203
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Skull development during anuran metamorphosis: I. Early development of the first three bones to form - the exoccipital, the parasphenoid, and the frontoparietal (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988), S. 247-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In anuran amphibians, cranial bones typically first form at metamorphosis when they rapidly invest or replace the cartilaginous larval skull. We describe early development of the first three bones to form in the Oriental fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis - the parasphenoid, the frontoparietal, and the exoccipital - based on examination of serial sections. Each of these bones is fully differentiated by Gosner stage 31 (hindlimb in paddle stage) during premetamorphosis. This is at least six Gosner developmental stages before they are first visible in whole-mount preparations at the beginning of prometamorphosis. Thus, developmental events that precede and mediate the initial differentiation of these cranial osteogenic sites occur very early in metamorphosis - a period generally considered to lack significant morphological change. Subsequent development of these centers at later stages primarily reflects cell proliferation and calcified matrix deposition, possibly in response to increased circulating levels of thyroid hormone which are characteristic of later metamorphic stages. Interspecific differences in the timing of cranial ossification may reflect one or both of these phases of bone development. These results may qualify the use of whole-mount preparations for inferring the sequence and absolute timing of cranial ossification in amphibians.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950303
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The timing of the onset of osteogenesis in the tibia of the embryonic chick (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 453-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Haematoxylin, Alcian Blue-Chlorantine Fast Red (ABCR) and the Ralis osteoid-specific stain were employed to closely follow the histogenesis of the tibia of the embryonic chick so as to provide an accurate description of the onset of ossification.An overview of the major cytological events preceding osteogenesis in the tibia was obtained from hindlimbs of embryos of H. H. (Hamburger and Hamilton, '51) stages 16-26 (2.5-5 days of incubation) stained with ABCR. A description of the cytological changes in the periosteum as it develops from the perichondrium and an analysis of the timing of the onset of osteoid deposition was obtained from the tibiae of accurately aged and staged embryos of H. H. stages 28-32 (5.5-8 days). These tibiae were stained specifically for the detection of osteoid:the freshly-secreted, unmineralized product of fully-differentiated osteoblasts. The perichondrium transformed into a bi-layered periosteum at H. H. late stage 29 (6.5 days) while osteoid was first detected adjacent to the hypertrophic cartilage of H. H. stage 30 (6.5-7 days) tibial diaphyses.These results, correlated with the immunoflourescent studies of Von der Mark et al. ('76a,b), which revealed the presence of Type I (bone-type) collagen-synthesizing cells in the perichondria of tibiae from embryos of H. H. stage 28 (5.5-6 days), demonstrated that the onset of determination of cells for osteogenesis and the cytodifferentiation of the periosteum are not temporally coupled.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051620310
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