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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk Attitude, Ambiguity Intolerance and Decision Making: An Exploratory Investigation (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Decision sciences 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1540-5915
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Although recent research has identified attitudes towards ambiguity and risk to be important determinants of choice behavior [8] [18], no prior work jointly assessed the roles of both attitudes. We conducted a laboratory experiment using a real decision scenario and conducted exploratory analyses of the relationship between attitudes towards risk and ambiguity and the decision taken by the subjects. The results support the prediction that attitudes towards both risk and ambiguity affect choice behavior. Our exploratory analyses indicate interesting avenues for future research, including an examination of the decision process itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1992.tb00398.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tolerance for Ambiguity, Risk Preference, and Negotiator Effectiveness (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Decision sciences 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1540-5915
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: It is a commonly accepted belief in both the axiomatic and noncooperative game literatures that negotiators' risk preferences affect bargaining outcomes [28] [33]. However, there is little systematic empirical evidence to support this conclusion and virtually nothing on the moderating effect of one negotiator's risk preference on the other negotiator in a dyad. Further, bargaining models are typically based on Subjective Expected Utility theory, which provides no scope for incorporating the decision maker's tolerance for ambiguity.An experiment was conducted to test specific hypotheses on the effect of risk preference and tolerance for ambiguity on negotiator effectiveness. The risk preference of the negotiators was experimentally induced while their tolerance for ambiguity was measured. The results indicate that negotiator effectiveness increases as the negotiator's preference for risk increases, though this increase is mitigated by the risk preference of the dyadic partner. Further, when the negotiators in a dyad are matched on risk preference, the negotiator with a greater tolerance for ambiguity is more effective. However, when the negotiators are not matched on risk preference, their attitude towards ambiguity moderates the effect of risk preference. These results suggest that bargaining models need to include both risk preference and tolerance for ambiguity to expand their descriptive power.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1994.tb00803.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of Uncertainty and Decision Making: An Experimental Investigation (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Decision sciences 24 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1540-5915
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Decisions in the real world usually involve imprecise information or uncertainty about the precesses by which outcomes may be determined. This research reports the results of a laboratory experiment which examined whether the structure of uncertainty, namely, both the center and the range of the probability distribution describing the uncertainty, is an important determinant of choice. Specifically, it examines how the uncertainty of audit by the Internal Revenue Service of income tax returns affects taxpayers' decisions about intentional noncompliance. The context is relevant as almost nothing is known about how taxpayers assess detection risks using the probability information they have.The study focuses on intentional noncompliance. The factors affecting it are distinct and separate from those affecting unintentional noncompliance. Other factors that affect intentional tax noncompliance, such as risk, tax rates, and penalty rates, were controlled in the experiment. It was hypothesized that the lower the mean and the lesser the range (ambiguity) of the perceived audit probability, the greater the international noncompliance. As hypothesized, the analysis indicates that both the mean and the range of the perceived audit probability rate affect intentional noncompliance, though the effect of ambiguity is greater at a relatively higher level of mean. This result suggests that the strength of the information describing an uncertain event is captured better by both the mean and the range of the uncertainty than either of those components singly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1993.tb00489.x
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  • 4
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    Ethical Standards, Attitudes toward Risk, and Intentional Noncompliance: An Experimental Investigation (1995)
    Dordrecht : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Journal of Business Ethics. 14:5 (1995:May) 353-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0167-4544
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:m089-1995-014-05-000003
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk, Ambiguity, and Decision Choice: Some Additional Evidence (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Decision sciences 28 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1540-5915
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper extends prior research by jointly assessing the roles of risk attitude and tolerance for ambiguity in predicting choice. An experiment examined the effects of these variables on decisions made in four different scenarios. The four scenarios (treatment combinations) were generated by manipulating risk and ambiguity into two levels (high and low). The context was defined in terms of a sample size selection problem. The second issue explored was the effect of attitudes toward risk and ambiguity on decision confidence.The results indicate that (1) both risk attitude and ambiguity intolerance determined choice behavior, (2) the roles of these individual attitudes depend on the levels of the two treatment variables of risk and ambiguity, (3) the presence of ambiguity accentuates the perception of risk in individual subjects, and (4) decision makers who are less risk averse, and have more tolerance for ambiguity, display greater confidence in their choice. The paper discusses some of the managerial implications of the results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1997.tb01303.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protection against enteric salmonellosis in transgenic mice expressing a human intestinal defensin (2003)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 422 (2003), S. 522-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Genetically encoded antibiotic peptides are evolutionarily ancient and widespread effector molecules of immune defence. Mammalian defensins, one subset of such peptides, have been implicated in the antimicrobial defence capacity of phagocytic leukocytes and various epithelial cells, but direct ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01520
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethical standards, attitudes toward risk, and intentional noncompliance: An experimental investigation (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 14 (1995), S. 353-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Prior research has investigated the influence of decision maker characteristics on decision choice. This research examines the effect two personality traits of taxpayers, attitude towards risk and ethical standards, on intentional noncompliance. A taxpayer who is more (less) ethical will have lower (greater) intentional noncompliance, while a taxpayer who is more (less) risk averse will have lower (greater) intentional noncompliance. However, this study also found significant correlation between risk attitudes and ethical standards. This is because tax evasion is not just a gamble which can be explained by merely considering the risk variable. To understand tax evasive behavior better requires incorporation of noneconomic factors in the analysis, such as ethical standards, although risk attitudes may be an important explanatory factor. The current research suggests that individuals with lower ethical standards will have more intentional noncompliance. However, since ethical standards are correlated with attitude toward risk, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) can partially overcome the influence of ethics by making the tax audit environment more uncertain. Thus, the research results justify the decision of the IRS not to release all its audit parameters because it makes the audit environment less uncertain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00872098
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of butyryl derivatives of cyclic nucleotides by positive ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and mass-analysed ion kinetic energy spectrometryDedicated to Professor Allan Maccoll on the occasion of his 75th birthday. (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 24 (1989), S. 679-688 
    Details
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The syntheses of the dibutyryl derivatives of the 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphates of adenosine, guanosine and cytidine are described. The fast atom bombardment mass spectra of these compounds are discussed, together with the mass-analysed ion kinetic energy spectra of their protonated molecular ions and of diagnostic fragments. A protocol for the identification of the derivatives is reported which includes criteria for confirming retention of the cyclic phosphodiester moiety, substitution of both heterocyclic base and ribose ring, and butyrylation of the 2′-O-position. The origins of significant fragments in the spectra are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oms.1210240827
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of enzyme kinetic parameters of cyclic CMP-specific phosphodiesterase by quantitative fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry (1991)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 26 (1991), S. 447-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The determination of cytidine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase activity by means of fast-atom bombardment (FAB) mass Spectrometry with mass-analysed ion kinetic energy (MIKE) spectrum scanning is described. Initial efforts to determine the activity of the enzyme by this method were unsuccessful owing to the obfuscation of sample-related peaks by peaks emanating from the incubation buffer and cation adducts; dilution of buffer and a desalting procedure overcame these difficulties. In the resulting positive-ion FAB mass spectra, characteristic peaks of the enzyme substrate and product could be readily identified and the protonated molecular ions selected for MIKE scanning. By spiking enzyme incubates with known amounts of substrate and product, and measuring peak heights in the MIKE spectra of both spiked and unspiked samples, the substrate/product ratio at the end of a series of phosphodiesterase incubations was determined. From the data obtained, the Km and Vmax of the phosphodiesterase were calculated as 6.08 mM and 11 μmol min-1 mg-1, respectively, showing good agreement with the analogous values of 8.06 mM and 5.8 μmol-1 min-1 mg-1 obtained by radioactive assay.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oms.1210260514
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  • 10
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    Enhanced ferroelectric polarization in epitaxial (Pb1−xLax)(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 thin films due to low La doping (2017)
    American Physical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-23
    Print ISSN: 2469-9950
    Electronic ISSN: 2469-9969
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society
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