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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3030-3038 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of Chlorine at the Double Bond of Unsaturated Five-membered Ring Carbonates and Anhydrides on their Dienophilic ActivityThe activation parameters ΔH≠ and ΔS≠ for the Diels-Alder-reactions between dichloromaleic anhydride (DCMA) (2), vinylene carbonate (VC) (4) and dichlorovinylene carbonate (DCVC) (3) as dienophiles and 9.10-dimethylanthracen (1) as diene have been established. The following sequency of dienophilic activity was found: The attempt was made to correlate these results qualitatively to parameters available by simple and extended LCAO-MO approximations. The activation entropy for the pair VC/1 was found to be remarkable positive compared to data usually found for this type of reaction.
    Notes: Die Aktivierungsparameter ΔH≠ und ΔS≠ der Diels-Alder-Reaktionen von Dichlormalein-säureanhydrid (DCMA) (2), Vinylencarbonat (VC) (4) und Dichlorvinylencarbonat (DCVC) (3) mit 9.10-Dimethyl-anthracen (1) werden ermittelt und führen zur folgenden Reihenfolge für die dienophile Aktivität: Es wird versucht, diese Reihenfolge qualitativ mit Parametern aus der einfachen und erweiterten LCAO-MO-Näherung zu korrelieren. Für die Aktivierungsentropie der Reaktion mit VC wird ein im Vergleich zu anderen Reaktionen dieses Typs bemerkenswert positiver Wert gefunden.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Nickel sandwich complex / Voltammetry, cyclic / Electrochemistry / Reductive dimerization / ESR spectra ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reduction of (Cyclobutadiene)(cyclopentadienyl)- and (1,5-Cyclooctadiene)(cyclopentadienyl)nickel CationsCyclic voltammetry of the four cationic Ni sandwich complexes [Ni(C5R5)(C4R4')]+ (2: R = H, R' = Ph; 3: R = H, R' = Me; 4; R = Me, R' = Ph; 5: R = R' = Me) shows reversible one-electron reductions for the phenyl derivatives 2 and 4 and a peak pattern characteristic of reductive dimerization/oxidative monomerization for the methyl derivatives 3 and 5. The product of the reduction of 3 was isolated and characterized analytically and by an X-ray structure determination as the dimer 6 of 3, linked through cyclobutenyl rings, the first example for a dimerization of an electron-rich sandwich complex at a substituted C atom. EPR spectra of the neutral complexes 2 and 4 are compared to those of (1,5-cyclooctadiene)(cyclopentadienyl)nickel (7) and are interpreted in terms of a substantial static Jahn-Teller distortion.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 3444-3448 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Silicon Compounds with Strong Intramolecular Steric Interactions, 13. Restricted Rotations in Tri-tert-butylsilanesSeveral tri-tert-butylhalosilanes and tri-tert-butyl(dihalomethyl)silanes were studied by dynamic NMR spectroscopy. The rotation barriers were determined by line shape analysis of the NMR spectra at various temperatures. A model for the rotation pathway was developed and compared with the static and dynamic stereochemistry of tri-tert-butylisopropylsilane as obtained by empirical force field calculations.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 375-388 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Anodic Fragmentation of O-Acylated α-Hydroxy Carboxylic AcidsDepending on the degree of substitution at the α-carbon atom, the electrolyses of O-acylated α-hydroxy carboxylic acids 1 yield products of fragmentation (aldehydes or ketones 5) and products derived from acylium ions 4 in concurrence with simple anodic substitution products (acylales, amides, and imides, respectively). Dioxiranyl cations 2 are involved as intermediates. The fragmentation of the dioxiranyl cation 2 is investigated by semiempirical MINDO/3 calculations (Scheme 1).
    Notes: Die Elektrolyse O-acylierter α-Hydroxycarbonsäuren 1 liefert über Dioxiranyl-Kationen 2 als Zwischenstufen je nach Substitutionsgrad am α-Kohlenstoffatom von 1 Fragmentierungsprodukte (Aldehyde oder Ketone 5) und Folgeprodukte von Acylium-Ionen 4 in Konkurrenz zu einfachen anodischen Substitutionsprodukten (Acylale bzw. Amide und Imide). Die Fragmentierung des Dioxiranyl-Kations 2 (Schema 1) wurde mit semiempirischen Methoden (MINDO/3) untersucht.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By use of an asymmetric Ullmann coupling involving chiral naphthalene oxazolines 1, the title compounds were prepared in good yields and with high diastereoselectivity. Hydrolysis of the binaphthyl oxazolines 2 led to the di-aldehydes 5, which were transformed into the azepine derivative, 6. The latter was treated with the appropriate phosphoryl halide to access the chiral HMPA systems 7 and 9. The CD spectra of the chiral azepine 6 and the chiral phosphoramides 7 and 9 were measured and showed a strong positive CD couplet near 225 nm, consistent with the P axial chirality (S configuration). Semi-empirical CNDO/S molecular orbital calculations of the CD spectrum of 6 satisfactorily reproduced the major features of the observed spectrum. Chirality 9:431-434, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: CD spectra of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) and its subtilisin-modified form (RNase S) have been calculated, based upon high-resolution structures from x-ray diffraction. All known transitions in the peptide and side-chain groups, especially the aromatic and disulfide groups, have been included. Calculations have been performed with both the matrix method and with first-order perturbation theory. A newly developed method for treating the electrostatic interactions among transition charge densities and between static charge distributions and transition charge densities is used. The effects of local electrostatic fields upon the group transition energies are included for all transitions. Rotational strengths generated by the matrix method were combined with Gaussian band shapes to generate theoretical CD spectra. The calculated spectra reproduce the signs and approximate magnitudes of the near-uv CD bands of both RNase A and S. Agreement is most satisfactory for the negative 275 nm band, dominated by tyrosine contributions. In agreement with two previous studies by other workers, coupling between Tyr 73 and Tyr 115 is the single most important factor in this band. The positive band observed near 240 nm is dominated by disulfide contributions, according to our results. The far-uv CD spectrum is poorly reproduced by the calculations. The observed 208 nm band, characteristic of α-helices, is absent from the calculated spectrum, probably because the helices in RNase are short. A strong positive couplet centered near 190 nm is predicted but not observed. Possible reasons for these incorrect predictions of the current theoretical model in the far-uv are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 862-882 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Diels-Alder Reactivity of s-tis-Fixed 1,3-DienesContrary to the 1,2-dimethylenecycloalkanes 8-10 and 2,3-dimethylene-14-dioxane (6), the 4,5-dimethylene-1,3-dioxolanes 1-5 show very poor diene reactivities in the Diels-Alder reaction though possessing an s-cis-fixed diene system. This is documented by bimolecular rate constants as well as activation parameters. The influence of the ionisation potentials measured by PE spectroscopy and of the molecular geometries calculated by the MINDO/3 method on the reactivity is studied. It is shown that not the dehedral angle but the scissoring (1.4-distance) of the diene system is of decisive importance for the reactivity of the s-cis-fixed dienes.
    Notes: Die 4,5-Dimethylen-1,3-dioxolane 1-5 zeigen, obwohl sie s-cis-fixierte Diensysteme darstellen, im Vergleich zu den 1,2-Dimethylencycloalkanen 8-10 und 2,3-Dimethylen-1,4-dioxan (6) sehr geringe Dienreaktivitäten, wie durch die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten und die Aktivierungsparameter belegt wird. Der Einfluß der durch Photoelektronenspektroskopie festgelegten Ionisationspotentiale und der nach dem MINDO/3-Verfahren berechneten Molekülgeometrien auf die Reaktivität wird untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß für die Reaktivität der s-cis-fixierten Diene nicht der Interplanarwinkel, sondern die Scherung (1,4-Abstand) des Dien-Systems von entscheidender Bedeutung ist.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Difficulty of Classifying Diels-Alder-Reactions into “Normal” and “Inverse”The reactivity of the investigated cyclic dienophiles with 9,10-dimethylanthracene (7) decreases in the order maleic anhydride (1), maleic thioanhydride (2), and maleic imide (3). An analogous behaviour is equally found for the derivatives 4-6 which are dichlorinated at the double bond. In both series this can be understood with the model of the frontier orbitals only if besides the energies of these orbitals, the differing frontier orbital densities of the dienophiles and the electrophilicity of the diene are also taken into account.
    Notes: Die Reaktivität der untersuchten cyclischen Dienophile gegenüber 9,10-Dimethylanthracen (7) nimmt in der Reihenfolge Maleinsäureanhydrid (1), Maleinsäurethioanhydrid (2) und Maleinsäureimid (3) ab. Ein analoges Verhalten findet man auch für die an der Doppelbindung dichlorierten Derivate 4-6. Innerhalb jeder der beiden Reihen kann dies mit Hilfe des Grenzorbitalmodells nur dann verstanden werden, wenn neben der energetischen Lage der Grenzorbitale auch die unterschiedlichen Grenzorbitaldichten der Dienophile und die Elektrophilie des Diens berücksichtigt werden.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Anwendung einfacher photochemischer Reaktionen zur Speicherung von Solarenergie in Form chemischer Energie metastabiler Produkte ist vielfach in Erwägung gezogen worden, um beispielsweise „einfache Thermosolartechniken“ zu ergänzen und weiterzuentwickeln. Die bisher vorgeschlagenen Kriterien für die Eignungsprüfung eines abiotischen photochemischen Systems sind jedoch im wesentlichen qualitativer Art, so daß ein Vergleich der Systeme untereinander nicht hinreichend genau möglich ist. In diesem Beitrag wird gezeigt, wie eine zweckdienliche Relativierung auf der Basis von zeitunabhängigen Meßgrößen gelingt und aus der Sicht der Photochemie eine vergleichende Beurteilung bekannter Reaktionen möglich wird. Hier werden beispielhaft folgende typische Reaktionen verglichen: die [2 + 2]-Photocycloadditionen von Norbornadien, 2, 3-Norbornadiendicarbonsäure-dimethylester und Dicyclopentadienon, die Photoisomerisierung von trans- zu cis-Diacetylindigo, die Photodissoziation von Nitrosylchlorid sowie photokatalytische Redoxreaktionen. Mengenbedarf und Speicherleistung sind bei trans-Diacetylindigo bei weitem am günstigsten. Nachteilig ist bei letzterem jedoch vor allem, daß die energiereiche cis-Form nach kurzer Zeit bei höherer Temperatur rückisomerisiert.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 10 (1971), S. 356-357 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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