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  • 1
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    Procedures and toolsused in the investigationof New Zealand's historical earthquakes (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: New Zealands tectonic setting, astride an obliquely convergent tectonic boundary, means that it has experienced many large earthquakes in its 200-year written historical records. The task of identifying and studying the largest early instrumental and pre-instrumental earthquakes, as well as identifying the smaller events, is being actively pursued in order to reduce gaps in knowledge and to ensure as complete and comprehensive a catalogue as is possible. The task of quantifying historical earthquake locations and magnitudes is made difficult by several factors. These include the range of possible earthquake focal depths, and the sparse, temporally- and spatially-variable historical population distribution which affects the availability of felt intensity information, and hence, the completeness levels of the catalogue. This paper overviews the procedures and tools used in the analysis, parameterisation, and recording of historical New Zealand earthquakes, with examples from recently studied historical events. In particular, the 1855 M 8+ Wairarapa earthquake is discussed, as well as its importance for the eminent 19th century British geologist, Sir Charles Lyell, and for future global understanding of the connection between large earthquakes and sudden uplift, tilting and faulting on a regional scale.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: seismicity ; historicalearthquake ; earthquake catalogue ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.10. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
    Format: 1388490 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endothelial damage in perfused dog kidney and cold sensitivity of vascular NaK-ATPase
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Cryobiology 9 (1972), S. 457-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 0011-2240
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(72)90163-0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of bending stress on taper and growth of stems of youngEucalyptus regnans trees (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Bending stress ; Stem shape ; Radial growth rate ; Eucalyptus regnans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A glasshouse experiment investigated the effect of bending stress on stem radial and height growth and stem taper ofEucalyptus regnans seedlings. Eighteen-week-old, potted seedlings were bent continuously for 8 weeks with a static bending stress. The bending treatment was then removed and the seedlings grown for another 12 weeks. Other seedlings were stayed vertically throughout the experiment whilst control seedlings were neither bent nor stayed. Seedlings were rotated every 2 days to prevent reaction wood developing asymmetrically in the stems of bent trees. Bent trees had higher radial growth rates, developed more tapered stems and had higher safety factors (the ratio of stem radius to the minimum radius required to prevent the tree toppling over) than unbent seedlings. They produced a band of tension wood in their stems and ceased height growth whilst bent. When bending ceased, they resumed normal radial and height growth. Unbent trees developed more cylindrical stems. There were no differences in growth behaviour between stayed and control trees. Bent and unbent trees all developed a butt swell, the taper of which was not affected by treatment. It was concluded that bending stress has substantial effects on both the size and taper of tree stems. However, the development of butt swell is independent of the bending stress applied. The results were considered in relation to biomechanical theories of tree stem development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185675
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of bending stress on taper and growth of stems of young Eucalyptus regnans trees (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Bending stress ; Stem shape ; Radial growth rate ; Eucalyptus regnans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  A glasshouse experiment investigated the effect of bending stress on stem radial and height growth and stem taper of Eucalyptus regnans seedlings. Eighteen-week-old, potted seedlings were bent continuously for 8 weeks with a static bending stress. The bending treatment was then removed and the seedlings grown for another 12 weeks. Other seedlings were stayed vertically throughout the experiment whilst control seedlings were neither bent nor stayed. Seedlings were rotated every 2 days to prevent reaction wood developing asymmetrically in the stems of bent trees. Bent trees had higher radial growth rates, developed more tapered stems and had higher safety factors (the ratio of stem radius to the minimum radius required to prevent the tree toppling over) than unbent seedlings. They produced a band of tension wood in their stems and ceased height growth whilst bent. When bending ceased, they resumed normal radial and height growth. Unbent trees developed more cylindrical stems. There were no differences in growth behaviour between stayed and control trees. Bent and unbent trees all developed a butt swell, the taper of which was not affected by treatment. It was concluded that bending stress has substantial effects on both the size and taper of tree stems. However, the development of butt swell is independent of the bending stress applied. The results were considered in relation to biomechanical theories of tree stem development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185675
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Daily stem growth patterns in irrigated Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens in relation to climate (1999)
    Springer
    Trees 14 (1999), S. 102-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Stem growth ; Eucalyptus globulus ; Eucalyptus nitens ; Dendrometer ; Growth rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Daily increments in stem radius were determined from hourly dendrometer measurements in each of three irrigated Eucalyptus nitens and E. globulus trees. Multiple regressions determined from daily weather variables accounted for 40–50% of the variance in increment. The use of weather variables lagged by 1–2 days increased the variance explained. The diurnal variation in stem radius was resolved into three mathematically defined phases: shrinkage, recovery and increment. The positive daily net increment in stem radius, by definition, occurred in the increment phase. Average weather conditions during this phase (predominantly night-time) did not explain any more variance in increment than the average daily conditions, determined over a 24 h period. Daily increment was resolved into a rate of stem radius increase during the increment phase and the duration (hours) of that phase. Significant species by month interactions were evident with growth in summer characterised by faster rates of stem expansion over shorter time periods within each diurnal cycle. E. nitens tended to have longer increment phases in spring and autumn, and faster phase rates in autumn than E. globulus. Interactions between weather variables and cambial growth were complicated and varied over the year. The correlation between temperature and stem growth varied from positive in spring to zero or negative during summer. The data indicate a need to understand weather-by- climate interactions at the level of whole tree physiology in order to fully understand the effect of weather on cambial activity and therefore stem increment and wood properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009752
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variations in response to induced stem bending in seedlings of Pinus radiata (1994)
    Springer
    Trees 8 (1994), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Pinus radiata ; Stem deformation ; Nitrogen, elasticity ; Compression wood ; Stem form
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The occurrence of stem deformation in Pinus radiata plantations has been examined previously in terms of the factors leading to the onset of bending symptoms. In this study the influence of seedling family and nitrogen availability on the ability of seedlings to recover from deformation was investigated under glasshouse conditions. Seedlings from four families ranging from resistant to susceptible to stem deformation were used. Stem deformation was induced by loading stems with a known weight and comparing bending moments and rates of recovery. Significant differences between families were found with more susceptible families exhibiting greater initial magnitudes of stem lean. Similarly these families also exhibited greater rates of apical elongation following bending despite the larger stem leans. This resulted in more exaggerated stem bends as a consequence of the recovery of the lower stem pushing the upper stem away from the vertical. The strength characteristics of the stems could not explain differences between families. Susceptibility to stem deformation was explained more by stem slenderness expressed as stem height to root collar diameter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196639
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lignin distribution across tracheid cell walls of poorly lignified wood from deformed copper deficient Pinus radiata (D. Don) (1991)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 25 (1991), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Lignin topochemistry of tracheid walls from a deformed, copper deficient Pinus radiata (D. Don) tree was examined by linescan and point analyses using a Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry. Both opposite and compression wood had abnormal lignin distributions compared to those observed in normal wood from a straight tree. Lignin contents in the compound middle lamella were lower than lignin contents in the secondary wall in both opposite and compression wood tracheids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195552
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The brachistochrone with acceleration: A running track (1971)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 7 (1971), S. 444-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The equations for the brachistochrone of a self-accelerating particle are found by solving a problem in the calculus of variations with a constraint and a free end condition then applied to find the shape of a running track.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00931980
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  • 9
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    Zebrafish bandoneon mutants display behavioral defects due to a mutation in the glycine receptor  -subunit (2005)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-05-31
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    The development of seasonal tree water deficit in Callitris intratropica (2011)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-24
    Description: The tropical conifer Callitris intratropica (Cupressaceae) produces clear annual growth rings, and has been shown to be potentially useful for understanding past climate variability in northern Australia. As climate patterns in this region become less predictable, an understanding of plant responses to different weather patterns is of importance. In this paper, we examine tree water relations using a parameter here called tree water deficit ( D ), determined from de-trended stem size variability in densely grown (‘grove’) and isolated trees. This parameter provides an integrated measure of the trees' response to water supply and demand under constantly changing environmental conditions. The work, conducted over 12 months, found that daily variation in tree water deficit was determined mainly by soil water availability, but temperature and relative humidity contributed more to the variability over some periods. Isolated and grove trees exhibited quite distinct patterns of D development during the year, but particularly during the transition between the dry and wet seasons. The results of this work suggest that the dendrochronological interpretation of tree rings in the context of strongly seasonal water availability should incorporate an understanding of the development of seasonal drought in isolated trees compared with trees experiencing strong intra-specific competition. Different responses based on the ecological situations of the trees will affect their patterns of stem growth, and ultimately the climatic information that is incorporated in ring width variability.
    Print ISSN: 0829-318X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-4469
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Oxford University Press
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